APPENDIX I
ABBREVIATIONS, DEFINITIONS AND GLOSSARY

ANZECC	Australian New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council.
Aeration	Subjecting to air or oxygen.
Agronomics	The application of agronomy.
Agronomy	The science of managing land crops.
Alley farming	A farming system that involves the use of belts of trees and/or shrubs between strips (alleys) of pasture or crop. The trees and shrubs provide shelter and alternative products, and may also control soil degradation.
Amenity	That which helps to make a location pleasant or agreeable.
Anaerobic	An environment without oxygen.
Apiarist	A person who keeps an apiary (bee hives).
Apiculture	The rearing and keeping of bees.
Aquaculture	The cultivation or farming of marine and freshwater species in tanks or ponds or some other form of artificial habitat (the cultivation of marine species is sometimes referred to as mariculture).
Aquaria	Plural of aquarium.
Aquarium	A tank for the holding of aquatic organisms.
Arboreta	Plural of arboretum.
Arboretum	An area of land planted to different trees or shrubs used for research or enjoyment.
Arthropod	Segmented invertebrates, including insects, spiders and crustaceans.
Aviarist	A person who keeps birds in an aviary (caged birds).
Aviculturist	A person who rears or keeps birds.
Aviculture	The rearing and keeping of captive birds.
Beach-cast	Material that is thrown up onto a beach by wave action.
Bioassay	Determination of the strength of a drug by comparing its effect with that of a standard preparation.1
Biochemical	The chemistry of living matter.

Biodiversity	The natural diversity of all life: the sum of all our native species of flora and fauna, the genetic variation within them, their habitats, and the ecosystems of which they are an integral part.2
Bioprospecting	Screening of extracts from living organisms for compounds that are of value to humans; for example by benefiting human health, crop or animal production.
Bioremediation	The use of micro-organisms or active organic chemicals such as enzymes to break down environmental contaminants such as insecticides in soil.
Biota	The total animal and plant life, including micro-organisms, in a region or location at a particular time.
Bushfoods	Foods derived from native Australian plants, often, but not necessarily, identified by Aboriginal people as suitable for human consumption.
Captive breeding	Reproduction of an organism, usually an animal, whilst it is in captivity.
Carrying capacity	The size of population or amount of use that a specified area can sustain indefinitely without suffering ecological degradation such as damage to vegetation, soil erosion, altered animal behaviour or water pollution. The `use' must be defined in terms of both type of use (such as bush walking; farming emus) and how it is managed (for example, walking confined to formed paths; emus provided with supplementary feed) for the term `carrying capacity' to be meaningful.
Catchment Management Authority	Statutory bodies formed under the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994, with a responsibility to advise the government on land and water resource management, to oversee the preparation and implementation of regional catchment management strategies and to promote sustainable management.
Caveat	A notice of caution or limitation.
CITES	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.
COAG	Council of Australian Governments.
Coelenterates	A group of mostly marine animals that includes jellyfish, anemones, and corals.
Commercial utilisation	Utilisation that involves the collection, harvesting, processing and preparation for sale of native flora and fauna and of products derived from these.3 The expression can be used interchangeably with the term `commercial use'.
Community	All the populations of plants and animals in a particular area at a specified time. Sometimes the definition is restricted, as, for example, `animal community'.
Conservation	The planned management and use of (natural) resources to provide present benefit without compromising future benefits.
Conservationist	One who advocates or promotes conservation, especially of the natural resources of a country.4
Consumptive use	Use that involves the permanent removal by humans of organisms or their products from a population or ecosystem; for example hunting, egg gathering, fishing.
`Controlled' wildlife	Any kind of taxon of wildlife declared to be so by an order of the Governor in Council. 5
Coppicing	The practice of cutting through the trunk of a tree or shrub close to the ground so that, with species that have basal buds, several new trunks will grow in place of the one removed.
Cost Benefit Analysis	A technique used to compare alternative courses of action by assigning dollar values to all benefits and costs associated with the actions.6
Crustacean	A class of arthropods, including the lobsters, yabbies, prawns, crabs, barnacles and slaters; commonly having the body covered with a hard shell or crust.
CSIRO	Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.
Cultivar	A unique variety of cultivated plants produced by deliberate breeding.
Degradation	The diminution of the productive capacity or quality of land, water or other (natural) resources through processes such as soil erosion, pollution or reduction in biodiversity.
Detritus	Decaying organic matter.7
Director-General	Unless otherwise stated, the (successor position) Secretary of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (the body corporate established by Part 2 of the Natural Resources and Environment Act 1987).
DNRE	Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
Echinoderm	Marine animals including sea lilies, starfishes, brittle stars and sea-cucumbers.8
Ecologically Sustainable Development	Development that improves the total quality of life, both now and in the future, in a way that maintains the ecological processes on which life depends.9
Ecology	The branch of science which studies the relationships between plants and animals (including micro-organisms) and their non-living environment.
Ecosystem	A community of organisms, interacting with one another, plus the environment in which they live, and with which they also interact.
Ecotourism	Nature-based tourism that includes an educational component and is managed to be sustainable.10
EIS	Environmental Impact Statement. A generic term for an administrative process that requires the explicit consideration of potential environmental impacts of proposed developments. Note that under Victorian legislation, EIS's are known as Environmental Effects Statements (Environment Effects Act 1978).
Elver	A young, immature eel.
`Endangered' wildlife	Any wildlife declared to be so by proclamation of the Governor in Council under section 47B(1) of the Wildlife Act 1975.11
Endemic species	An organism which is native to a particular place or region.12
ENRC	Environment and Natural Resources Committee.
ESD	Ecologically Sustainable Development.
Ethnobotany	The study of plants in relation to their traditional or cultural use.
Externality	An economic term used to refer to costs and benefits which are external to the market process; that is they affect a third part (or parties) who are not involved in the contract of sale/purchase of goods and services. Examples are improved water quality in rivers that results when farmers control soil erosion and loss of amenity suffered by the community when oil spills kill wildlife.
Farm-gate	Production, or the value of production as it leaves the farm; that is before transport or off-farm processing occurs.
Farming of wildlife	The breeding of wildlife in an enclosed environment, or the cultivation of native plants in nurseries.13
Fauna	As defined in the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, any animal life that is indigenous to Victoria and includes fish, but not humans.14
FECA	Flower Export Council of Australia.
Fecundity	The capacity, especially in females, of producing young in great numbers.15
FIAA	Flower Industry Association of Australia
Finfish	Fish with fins, generally taken to be the bony fish (of the class Osteichthyes), and excluding cartilaginous fish, molluscs, crustaceans, etc.
`Fish'	As defined in the Fisheries Act 1995, ie: a) all species of vertebrate aquatic fauna other than mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians (that is bony fish and cartilaginous fish); b) sharks, rays, lampreys and other cartilaginous fish (which are, in fact, vertebrates); c) oysters and other aquatic molluscs (including cephalopods such as cuttlefish); d) crustaceans (for example crabs and barnacles); e) echinoderms (such as star fishes and sea urchins); and any other species of aquatic invertebrates declared to be fish (to date, marine polychaete worms and jellyfish).
`Flora'	As defined in the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, any plant life which is indigenous to Victoria, including trees. 16
Floriculture	The development and production of cut flowers for sale.
`Game'	Any kind or species of wildlife declared to be game under the Wildlife Act 1975, including deer and several species of native birds.17
Genetic engineering	The alteration of the genetic make-up of an individual or population through the artificial introduction of new genetic material, often from a different species.
Germ plasm	The protoplasm of the germ cells containing the units of heredity.18
GSAC	Garden State Advisory Council.
Gymnosperms	A group of plants that includes conifers (pine trees).
Habitat	The environment where a given animal or plant population naturally lives or grows.
Harvesting	The removal of wildlife, or some part of it, from its wild state. It may involve collecting eggs or plant parts and live capture of animals, as well as the taking of whole, dead organisms.
Herbivore	An animal which lives by consuming plants
Herpetologist	A person who breeds, keeps and studies reptiles and amphibians.
Horticulture	The propagation of native plants in nurseries for some commercial use. 19
`Hunt'	As defined in the Wildlife Act (1975), includes to pursue, trail, stalk, search for, or to drive out, an animal.20
Hunting	A recreational activity which involves those who hunt and can include commercial ventures for tourists who wish to hunt animals.
Husbandry	The care of animals in a farmed situation with attention to both their welfare and productive capacity
Imbibition	The act of absorbing a liquid into an organism.
Indigenous species	A species originating in a particular region or country.
Intellectual Property Rights	Rights arise from laws that provide protection of creative effort. Such rights are usually in the form of copyright, patents or trademarks established under Commonwealth law. Monopoly rights to exploit property under such laws only last for a defined period.
Inter-generational	Between generations; particularly between the present human community and those that are as-yet children or unborn.
Inter-sectorial	Between different sectors of the community; for example between rural and urban communities or between those who provide and those who use a resource.
Invertebrate	An animal without a backbone, such as an insect, crustacean, mollusc or worm.21
ISO	International Standards Organisation.
`Keep'	In relation to the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988: to have charge or possession of, in captivity or in a domesticated state. 22
`Listed' flora and fauna	Those species of native flora and fauna threatened with extinction and, consequently, listed in Schedule 2 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.
Mariculture	The farming of saltwater species in cages, pots or rocks. 23
Market	In economic terms, a market exists where a buyer and seller agree to trade. For a trade to occur both buyer and seller must be satisfied with the price, form and quality of the product.24
Microclimate	The climate of the very small or confined area that is immediately relevant to a particular organism at a given point in time.
Micro-organisms	A microscopic organism (animal or vegetable), including bacteria and microscopic algae.
Mono-crop	A crop which consists of only one species.
Moratorium	A legal authorisation to delay payment of money due, as in an emergency.25 The term is often extended to include a pause in any exploitative activity - for example, the harvesting of a wild species.
National Competition Policy	A national policy under which all Australian governments must review any barriers to competition in the provision of public infrastructure and services.
National ESD Strategy	National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development.
Native fauna and flora	Taken to be all animals and plants established in Australia prior to 1788.
Nature reserves	Areas of land set aside for native conservation or wildlife purposes specified under section 4(1) of the Crown Land (Reserves) Act 1978.26
Nature-based tourism	Tourist activities that have as key components the enjoyment of natural features of the land.
Non-consumptive use	Any activity by which humans derive a benefit from a population without permanently removing organisms or their products from a population or ecosystem.
Non-vascular plants	Plants that do not have a clearly developed vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients within the plant; for example mosses and algae.
`Notable' wildlife	Any wildlife declared to be so by proclamation of the Governor in Council under section 47B(2) of the Wildlife Act 1975. 27
Omnivorous	Eating all kinds of foods, including both plants and other animals.
Organism	Any form of animal or plant life, including micro-organisms.
Overstorey	The tallest plants in a community of plants of differing heights. The overstory plants consequently receive the most light and overshadow plants below them.
Palaeobotany	The branch of palaeontology (the study of fossils) that deals with fossil plants.
Pathogens	A disease-producing organism.28
PBR	Plant Breeders' Right - see below.
Perennial	Having a life cycle lasting more than two years.29
Permaculture	A system of horticulture in which perennial (and sometimes self-seeding) species are grown together to provide a continuous production of food without the need for regular sowing or planting.
Pest species	`Noxious weeds' and `pest animals' declared under the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994.
Phytophthera	A group of fungi that is capable of producing root disease in a number of native plant species. This leads to progressive death of tops or `die-back'. Susceptible species include many species of Banksia.
Plant Breeders' Right	An exclusive right given over registered varieties for a period of 20 or 25 years provided under the Plant Breeders' Rights Act 1994 to the breeders of new plant varieties.
Plant variety	A group of plants of one species that have substantially uniform, genetically determined characteristics that are distinguishable from other plants of the same species.
Precautionary Principle	This concept states that "where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation".30
Property Rights	The common law rights of the legal owners of property to use, protect and transfer that property to the exclusion of others. Vegetation on land is traditionally considered as a `fixed' item and thus `owned' by the landowner. Native fauna is not a `fixed' item and thus not generally subject to a property right (although the landowner may enjoy a common law right to take into possession and utilise any animal whilst on or above their land).
Proponent	One who puts forward and advocates a proposition or proposal. 31
`Protected fish'	Any fish listed in Schedule 2 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. 32
`Protected flora'	Either (a) any flora declared to be protected by an order of the Governor in Council, or (b) any flora which is part, or member, of a taxon or community listed in Schedule 2 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. 33
`Protected wildlife'	All wildlife other than those kinds of taxon which is a pest animal within the meaning of the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 or the Governor in Council declares to be unprotected wildlife or are specified by order of the Governor in Council under section 7A of the Wildlife Act 1975. 34
Ranching	A system of animal production in which animals or their eggs are taking from the wild to be raised in a controlled environment for subsequent production of consumable items, or for use in live-animal displays.35
Recombinant DNA	DNA that has been recombined using constituents from other sources. This is the essential element of genetic engineering.
Regeneration	In relation to plant communities, the restoration of a cover of local native plants in order to restore a natural habitat and protect soil from erosion and (possibly) salinity.
RIRDC	Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
RSPCA	Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Salinity (of soil - human induced)	Relates to a level of soluble salts in the soil that is sufficient to impact adversely on the growth of non-salt tolerant plants, and which has developed as a result of land clearing (dryland salinity) or irrigation (irrigation-induced salinity).
Saprophyte	A plant or micro-organism that obtains its nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.36
Sclerophyll	Plants typically found in areas of general or periodic low rainfall, and which have tough leathery leaves that help to reduce water loss.
`Secretary'	As referred to in the Fisheries Act 1995, the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, the National Parks Act 1975 and the Wildlife Act 1975 means the Secretary of the Department of Natural Resources and the Environment.
Self-sufficient	Wildlife that can survive as an independent entity; not an animal that cannot feed itself, a bird that is too young to fly, a non-weaned mammal, an animal that is injured or diseased, an egg or some other similarly dependent entity. The term is given legal definition under the Wildlife Regulations 1992, Regulation 12(1)a. 37
`Sell'	As used in the Wildlife Act 1975, includes barter or exchange and also agreeing to sell; or offering or exposing for sale; or keeping or having in possession for sale; or sending, forwarding, delivering or receiving for, or on, sale; or authorising, directing, causing, suffering, permitting or attempting any of the above acts or things.38
Semi-arid	A region in which a deficiency in rainfall is the dominant factor in plant growth but which is not as dry as `arid'. In Australia this is taken broadly to be land with precipitation between approximately 250 mm and 450 mm per year, but reliability and the season in which rain falls, and temperature regimes also influence the boundaries of the region.
Senate Inquiry	The Inquiry into the Commercial Utilisation of Australian Wildlife conducted by the Federal Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport References Committee, which tabled its report in June 1998.39
In situ/ex situ	In situ - located in its original situation (position). Ex situ - located outside its normal situation (position).
State Wildlife Reserves	Lands under the management and control of the Secretary of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment. These Reserves can be reclassified, for example as State Game Reserves.40
Stewardship	To act as one entrusted with the good management of another's property; leaving the land in a better condition for future generations.41
Substrate	Medium from which an organism can obtain nutrients and on which it can grow.
Super-abundant species	Perception and definition of `super-abundance' varies. The perception of a species as `super-abundant' often arises where it is causing damage to crops or threatening natural ecosystems. A species may be defined as super-abundant where it has a distribution and/or abundance that exceeds that (assumed or calculated) at the time of settlement by Europeans.42
Sustainability - (ecological)	Is concerned with the protection of biological diversity and maintenance of the ecological processes on which life depends. 43
Sustainable development	Refer to ESD.
Sustainable use	An activity by which humans obtain some benefit without reducing the future potential or impairing the long-term viability of the species used or their ecosystem. 44
Symbiotic relationship	Is usually taken to refer to a mutually beneficial relationship between two species, but less often refers to a relationship where only one species benefits.45
Synergism	The joint action of two substances, as drugs, which increase each other's effectiveness when taken together.
`Take'	In relation to the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 section 3(1), means to kill, injure or disturb flora and fauna or to collect flora46, though in relation to the Wildlife Regulations 1992 regulation 547 and the Fisheries Act 199548 it can also mean to gain possession or control of wildlife or fish by any means.
Taxa (singular taxon)	A taxonomic group of any rank into which organisms are categorised.49 That is, the term could relate to individual species or sub-species, but likewise could refer to a larger grouping of species - such as genus (for example eucalypts) or a family (for example tortoises).
Taxonomic	That department of science, or of a particular science, which deals with classification, in the case of plants and animals into taxa such as families, genera and species.50
`Threatened'	Taxa and communities included in the listing of taxa and communities which are threatened with extinction under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.
Toxicology	The science of poisons, their effects, antidotes and detection.51
`Trade'	To buy; to agree to receive or accept under an agreement to buy; to acquire by barter; to sell, to agree to offer or expose for sale or to keep and have in one's possession for sale; to dispose of by barter for the purposes of gain or advancement or to suffer or cause any of that above behaviour. 52
Translocation	The introduction of individuals of a species or variety of a species into a locality outside the natural range of the species or variety of the species.
Tube-stock	Small seedlings with roots and soil contained within a plastic or plywood tube.
Turbidity	Refers to the condition of water that is opaque due to suspended matter, generally clay particles, within the water column.
Understorey	Lower-level plant growth in forests or woodland, especially the plants and seedlings overshadowed by the forest canopy.
`Unprotected wildlife'	Any protected wildlife declared to be `unprotected' in an area of Victoria by an order of the Governor in Council under section 7A of the Wildlife Act 1975.53
User Pays	The practice whereby the user of any resource is charged the full cost of supplying the resource, product or service being used.
Utilisation	Any activity by which humans derive a benefit or some useful purpose, and includes activities which do not necessarily involve the adaptation of, or change in, the form of the wildlife. This definition includes commercial and non-commercial utilisation and consumptive and non-consumptive use.
Vascular plants	A plant with a distinct vascular system in which water and nutrients are conveyed throughout the plant, particularly flowering plants and conifers. Ferns have only a rudimentary vascular system.
Vertebrates	Animals with a backbone and spinal cord.
Vertically-integrated (industry)	An industry in which production, processing and marketing are undertaken by the one company or integrated through close associations of more than one company.
Victorian native fauna and flora	Animals and plants established in Victoria prior to 1788.
Victorian species	Any species found naturally in the wild in Victoria, including species that also occur naturally in other parts of Australia or, possibly, in other parts of the world.
`Whale'	Within the context of Part X of the Wildlife Act 1975, includes any member of the sub-order Mysteceti or the sub-order Odontoceti of the order Cetacea (that is all dolphins and whales found in Victoria) that are within the limits of waters within the state of Victoria or in Australian territorial waters adjacent to those Victorian waters.54
`Wild'	The independent, unpossessed or natural state and not in an intentionally cultivated, captive or domesticated state. 55
Wild harvest	The taking of plants and animals directly from the wild.
Wild population	A population of any animal which is living and breeding in the wild; that is, not subject to human cultivation, confinement or husbandry.
`Wildlife'	Native animals living in their natural habitat, defined in the Wildlife Act 1975 as: (1) any animal of a vertebrate taxon other than mankind which is indigenous to Australia whether or not it occurs elsewhere; (2) all kinds of deer, non-indigenous quail, pheasants and partridges, any other taxon declared by the Governor in Council to be so; (3) any taxon of terrestrial invertebrate animal listed under the Flora and Flora Guarantee Act 1988; (4) hybrids of (1) & (2); (5) except where stated in an Order, it includes animals or taxon bred in captivity or confinement but does not include whales and (6) wildlife in any form (alive, dead, processed, preserved), any part of their body including their feathers and their eggs.
`Wildlife park'	Under the Wildlife Act 1975, any place where a collection of wildlife is kept or retained for public viewing, entertainment or amusement.56

1 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

2 DNRE (a), p2.

3 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (1998) Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT, p. 10.

4 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

5 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 3(1).

6 Industry Commission (1998), A Full Repairing Lease: Inquiry into Ecologically Sustainable Land Management.

7 Recher, H., Lunney, D and Dunn, I. (1986), A Natural Legacy, Pergamon, Rushcutters Bay, NSW., p. 416

Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

8 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

9 Council of Australian Governments (1992), The National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, AGPS, Canberra, p. 8.

10 Commonwealth Department of Tourism (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, p. 3.

11 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 3(1).

12 Recher, H., Lunney, D and Dunn, I. (1986), A Natural Legacy, Pergamon, Rushcutters Bay, NSW., p. 417.

13 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (1998) Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT, p. 7.

14 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 s. 3(1).

15 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

16 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 s. 3(1).

17 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 3(1).

18 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

19 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (1998) Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT, p. 7.

20 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 3(1).

21 Recher, H., Lunney, D and Dunn, I. (1986), A Natural Legacy, Pergamon, Rushcutters Bay, NSW., p. 420.

22 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 s. 3(1).

23 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (1998) Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT, p. 8.

24 Malcolm, L.W., Sale, P. and Egan, A., (1996), Agriculture in Australia: An Introduction, Oxford University Press, Chapter 7.

25 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

26 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 15(3).

27 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 3(1).

28 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

29 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

30 Principle 15 of The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992.

31 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

32 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 s. 3(1).

33 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 s. 3(1).

34 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 s. 3(1).

35 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (1998) Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT, p. 7.

36 Kreb, C. J. (1978), Ecology, the Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance, Second edition, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, USA., p. 624.

37 Wildlife Regulations 1992 r. 12(1)(a).

38 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 3(1).

39 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (1998) Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT.

40 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 15.

41 Rollins, D. and Slack, D.(1999), Stewardship: Responsibility of Private Owners: Internet site http://enrp.tamu.edu/hot/property/part-4.html.

42 Moors, P., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Submission No. U 26.

43 Council of Australian Governments (1992), The National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, AGPS, Canberra, p. 8.

44 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (1998) Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT, p. 12.

45 Recher, H., Lunney, D and Dunn, I. (1986), A Natural Legacy, Pergamon, Rushcutters Bay, NSW, p. 425.

46 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.

47 Wildlife Regulations 1992 r. 5.

48 Fisheries Act 1995 s. 4(1).

49 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 .

50 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

51 Macquarie Dictionary (1987).

52 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 s. 3(1).

53 Wildlife Act 1975.

54 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 75(2).

55 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 s. 3(1); Wildlife Act 1975 s. 3(1).

56 Wildlife Act 1975 s. 71(1).