Having reviewed the various research activities and needs of those sectors utilising native flora and fauna, the Committee concludes that some issues can only be dealt with via a greater injection of resources into research and communication of this research to potential users. This in itself raises two further issues - how these resources are to be obtained and how they should be allocated.
Ideally strategic planning of research and development programs undertaken should be based on assessment of total community costs and benefits. Where the benefit-cost-ratio is greater than one, the program could proceed with the knowledge that the benefits will out weigh the costs.
With regard to the raising of resources, research and development may be funded by the beneficiaries - obtained, for example, by levies on new industries once they become successful or through industry-research organisation collaboration. Where there are gains for biodiversity, environment and equity, it would be appropriate that the whole community pays.
For example, the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation matches industry funding for specific research projects. This is, however, difficult for smaller or developing industries. For instance, in the wildflower industry there is little overlap between growers and exporters and the much larger `traditional' flower sector and the industry has no voluntary or compulsory levy in place to support research. Raising sufficient revenue through levies is therefore difficult, particularly as traditional flower growers, many of whom receive exotic-plant material from countries such as the Netherlands, may be reluctant to subsidise research into native plants. Since introducing the requirement for a 25 per cent contribution, there has been a significant fall in the number of research proposals from industry.181
At the recent 5th Australian Wildflower Conference, the manager of the RIRDC's Wildflowers and Native Plants Programs warned the industry that:
There is a danger that this decline could be interpreted as a signal that the industry believes that RIRDC's investment to date has been ineffective or that the industry believes that R&D is irrelevant to its future.182
The Committee was informed that State government funding for native-plant programs had decreased in recent years, with a push towards greater funding from industry. The Committee also notes that industry-focussed funding bodies are under pressure to produce short-term returns, rather than focus on long-term sustainability and economic viability.
The Centre for International Economics differentiated research funding into supply- and demand-driven approaches.183 From an examination of major advances in Australian agriculture, the Centre concludes that these have largely resulted from supply-driven research.184 More recently the trend has been to demand-dominated research, with industry-based research and development councils taking a prominent role in directing research.185 By inference, the Centre concludes that a balance is required between research aimed at clearly defined industry needs and more open inquiry that has the potential to encourage new ways of production and large spill-over effects. These findings appear to have particular relevance to developments of industries based on native plants and animals, as these are generally new or emerging industries.
The Role of Public Funding
Despite the strong interest and support for the notion of using new crops to enhance agricultural practices, there continues to be serious under-investment in the area.186 One of the reasons may be that "it is a high-risk, long-term activity and benefits are diffused across producer, processor and consumer sectors, often without regard to who made the initial investments".187 As such, it has been argued that:
New crops research is a prime example of the necessity of public funding to establish and sustain core national programs to identify and develop profit potentials in new crops. This in turn could attract private participation and risk-taking which is necessary for market forces to function as the development of a new crop advances through the commercialisation process.188
In Australia and New Zealand, new agricultural sectors have traditionally been developed by industry in response to perceived market demands, with research used to back-up commercial initiatives rather than lead them.189 This approach is somewhat limited because it is reliant on the presence of an industry base to identify and pursue all new market opportunities.
Commercial companies only deal in new opportunities within their expertise and capabilities and new ideas outside this capability are usually ignored. Most importantly however, new ideas of interest to a company are invariably kept confidential to maintain a possible market advantage. This secrecy leads to an unco-ordinated and haphazard approach to market development on a national scale with would-be growers and investors in new crops not knowing what have been or are being evaluated, which ones have been rejected and why, or which ones have never been evaluated.190
Market opportunity research is, in effect, a national resource and consequently it could be argued that it should be centrally funded - by public and/or industry-sector sources.
Development of native-species-based utilisation often involves considerable research, the costs of which may be beyond potential new entrants. It has been suggested that "Governments must take this initiative and carry out some of the R&D for industries".191
Issues Connected with Funding
The Committee identified the provision of adequate funding and cooperation for some areas of research as particularly difficult. Commercial interests are unlikely to voluntarily provide support for fundamental or long-term research or research needed to ensure ecological sustainability.
Co-operation and collaboration produce efficiencies and can be essential to providing the full range of information needed. Legal aspects of ownership of, and access to, native biota complicate this issue. A cooperative approach can conflict with the desire of commercial interests for secrecy and ownership of information.
The balance between funding of tightly targeted, or demand-driven research and more open, supply-driven research may have moved too far in the direction of demand-driven research. This may be limiting unduly more-open and longer-term research with a potential to produce large gains for society.
The Centre for International Economics has concluded that:
The chances of worthwhile R&D [research and development] going unfunded are probably high, especially given the potential for increasing returns in emerging industries. 192
1 Centre for International Economics (1994), The Role of Government in New Industry Development, Rural Industries Development Corporation, Kingston, ACT, p. 5.
2 Keen, M. and Stocklmayer, S. (1999), Science Communication: the Evolving Role of Rural Industry Research and Development Corporations, Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 6(4) pp196-206.
3 Powell, J. M. (1989), Watering the Garden State Water, Land and Community in Victoria, 1934-1988, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, NSW; Reid, R. L. (ed.) (1981), A Manual of Australian Agriculture, Fourth Edition, Heinemann, Melbourne. Use of native pastures in the early days of settlement was an exception that was largely removed from the farmers' repertoire once methods of cultivating exotic pastures were developed.
4 Evidence of this is provided by an inspection of research publications such as the Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and journals of the various (former) State Departments of Agriculture.
5 Jones, G. P. (ed) (1985), The Food Potential of Seeds from Australian Native Plants, Proceedings of Colloquium, Deakin University, 7th March 1984, Deakin University Press, Geelong, Victoria, p. 202.
6 Beardsell, D. (1985), `Domestication problems of Australian Plants', in Jones, G. P. (ed.), The Food Potential of Seeds from Australian Native Plants, Deakin University Press, Geelong, Victoria, pp. 147-151.
7 Gott, B. (1999), Department of Biology, Monash University, personal communication, 11 February 1999, and also
The Southern Bushfood Association, Written Submissions, No. U3; and
Beal, A. (1999), Australian Native Produce, Murtho, personal communication, 10 March 1999.
8 Beardsell, D. (1985), `Domestication problems of Australian Plants', in Jones, G. P. (ed.), The Food Potential of Seeds from Australian Native Plants, Deakin University Press, Geelong, Victoria, pp. 148-149.
9 Western, R. (1999), Westerns Nursery personal communication, 9 March 1999.
10 Beardsell, D. (1985), `Domestication problems of Australian Plants', in Jones, G. P. (ed.), The Food Potential of Seeds from Australian Native Plants, Deakin University Press, Geelong, Victoria, pp. 151, 153.
12 Wood, I, Chudleigh, P and Bond, K. (1994), Developing New Agricultural Industries - Lessons from the Past, Volume 1, Rural Industry Research and Development Corporation Research Paper Series No 94/1, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, pp. 53.
13 Freeman, G. (1999), personal communication, 19 March 1999.
14 Lavery, H. J. (ed.) (1985), The Kangaroo Keepers, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, Queensland, p. 162; and also:
Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short. J. (eds.) (1987), Kangaroos, their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 185-186.
18 For example: Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (1999), Research Compendium 1995: Investigation of Profitable Marketing of Kangaroo Products, Internet : http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/compendium/1995/pr-006.html, 19 January 1999.
19 Newman, G. (1998), Research Priorities for Fisheries and Aquaculture, Standing Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture, Melbourne, Vic., p. 8.
20 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (1999), Investing for Tomorrow's Catch, The Corporation's Strategic Priorities, Internet site: http://www.frdc.com.au/pub/plan/2001/strategic.html, 17 June 1999.
21 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (undated), Research and Development Plan 1993-94 to 1997-98, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, ACT, p. 10.
22 This point was also made by the Victorian Aquaculture Council, Written Submissions, No. U13.
23 Barker, J. (1999), DNRE, personal communication, 31 August 1999.
24 For example, work being coordinated by the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation and the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.
25 DNRE (1998), NRE Science and Technology, a Unique Victorian Capability, a Symposium of the Science and Technology Capabilities of the DNRE, DNRE, Melbourne, Vic., p. 26.
26 Fisheries Victoria (1997), Strategic Review Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute, DNRE, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 10-11.
27 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. (1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 25.
28 Information needs were described to the Committee by Hunt, N., Secretary of the Tourism Accreditation Board of Victoria Inc., personal communication, 8 July 1999; and also
Hundloe, T., Chairperson of the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program and Charters, A., Director of Planning and Destination Development, Tourism Queensland, personal communications, 11 June 1999.
29 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. (1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 31.
31 Commonwealth Department of Tourism, (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, pp. 29-30; and also
Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia, School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University Discussion Paper, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, pp. 8-13.
32 Hunt, N. (1999), Secretary of the Tourism Accreditation Board of Victoria Inc. personal communication, 8 July 1999.
33 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. (1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 27.
34 Commonwealth Department of Tourism, (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, pp. 29-30, 40; and also
Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia, School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University Discussion Paper, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, pp. 8-13.
35 Commonwealth Department of Tourism, (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, pp. 29-30, 40; and also
Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia, School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University Discussion Paper, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, pp. 8 - 13.
36 Commonwealth Department of Tourism, (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, pp. 29-30, 40; and also
Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia, School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University Discussion Paper, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, pp. 8 - 13.
37 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. (1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 72.
38 Commonwealth Department of Tourism, (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, pp. 29-30, 40; and also
Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia, School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University Discussion Paper, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, pp. 8 - 13.
39 Riddles, P. (1999), CSIRO Multi-divisional Program, Brisbane, personal communication, 3 August 1999.
40 The Committee investigated this program during its inspection of AMRAD Discovery Technologies facilities, Melbourne.
41 Iskander, M. (1999), Victorian College of Pharmacy, Parkville, personal communication, 2 August 1999.
42 Methane gas and soil conditioners are already produced from urban waste and sewage through the action of saprophytic organisms. However, the efficiency of these processes may be improved by selection of better organisms.
43 Heyde, B. (1999), Principle Secretary of Government Business and International, CSIRO, Canberra, personal communication, 3. August 1999.
44 Riddles, P. (1999), CSIRO Multidivisional Program, personal communication, 3 August 1999.
45 Ough, K. & Murphy, A. (1996), The Effect Of Clearfell Logging On Tree-Ferns In Victorian Wet Forest, Arthur Rylah Institute, DNRE; van Prees, M., Executive Director, Parks Flora and Fauna, Department of Natural Resources Environment, Minutes of Evidence, 26 May 1999.
46 Tumino, M., (1999), Botanist, Arthur Rylah Institute personal communication, 4 August 1999.
49 Arundal, M. (1999), Manager Flora Section, Arthur Rylah Institute. personal communication, 5 August 1999.
52 The Knox Institute was created following the restructuring and relocation of the Institute of Plant Sciences at Burnley College.
53 Millar, D. (1999), Rural Industries Coordinator, Department of Natural Resources & Environment, Minutes of Evidence, 26 April 1999, p. 30. A substantial part of the funding for these projects is provided by the Rural Industries Development Corporation.
54 Rural Research and Development Corporation (1998), Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Completed Projects in 1997-1998 and Research in Progress as at June 1998. Wildflowers and Native Plants - Completed Projects, Internet site: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/comp98/wnf1.htm, 15 September 1999.
55 Rural Research and Development Corporation (1999), Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Completed Projects in 1998-1999 and Research in Progress as at June 1999. Sub-program 2.8 - Wildflowers and Native Plants - Completed Projects, Internet site: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/comp99/wnp1.htm, 15 September 1999.
56 Rural Research and Development Corporation (1998), Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Completed Projects in 1997-1998 and Research in Progress as at June 1998. Wildflowers and Native Plants - Completed Projects, Internet site: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/comp98/wnf1.htm, 15 September 1999.
57 Rural Research and Development Corporation (1999), Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Completed Projects in 1998-1999 and Research in Progress as at June 1999. Sub-program 2.8 - Wildflowers and Native Plants - Completed Projects, Internet site: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/comp99/wnp1.htm, 15 September 1999.
58 Fisheries Victoria (1997), Strategic Review Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute, DNRE, Melbourne, Victoria, p. i.
60 Victorian Fisheries and the Victorian Fisheries Research Institute (1996), Draft Victorian Fisheries Research Plan 1995/96-1999/00. The emphasis on marine fisheries is also indicated by Fisheries Victoria's 16 Assessment Reports, all of which deal with marine or estuarine fisheries.
62 Grant, P. (1999), Technical Officer, Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute, Alexandra, personal communication, 9 July 1999.
63 Victorian Fisheries and the Victorian Fisheries Research Institute (1996), Draft Victorian Fisheries Research Plan 1995/96-1999/00, p. iii.
64 Royal Botanical Gardens Board (Victoria) (1998), Annual Report 97-98, Royal Botanical Gardens Melbourne, South Melbourne, Victoria, p. 23.
66 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria (1997-98), Annual Report 97-98, Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria, Australia, pp. 19-21.
67 Fisher, F., Director, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Monash University, personal communication,
3 August 1999.
68 Doctor of Philosophy project undertaken by Dr Belinda Cannell; McClure, R., Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, personal Communication, 3 August 1999.
69 Cock P. and Pfueller, S., (1999), Graduate School of Environmental Science, Monash University, personal communications, 26 June 1999.
70 Shaw, R. (1999), Director of the Victorian Node of the CRC Tourism, Footscray Campus, Victoria University of Technology; personal communication, 21 June 1999.
71 Clayton, M. (1999), Department of Biological Sciences, Monash University, personal communication, 3 August 1999.
72 Dumsday, R., (1999), School of Business, La Trobe University, personal communication, 3 August 1999.
76 AMRAD Discovery Technologies (1999), Internet site:
www.amradcom.au/aux1/discovery-tech/natural.htm,
6 September 99.
77 An example of an analysis undertaken by the Australian Bureau of statistics of its data is: Australian Bureau of statistics (1996-97), Zoos, Parks and Gardens Industries, ABS, Canberra.
78 Bolan, R. (1999), Statistical Inquiries Officer, Bureau of Tourism Research, personal communication, 3 August 1999.
80 for example: Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT.
81 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT.
82 CSIRO (1999), Internet site http://www.qttc.com.au/qep/research.htm.
83 Blamey, R. and Hatch, D. (1989), Occasional Paper No 25: Profiles and Motivations of Nature-Based Tourists Visiting Australia, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT.
84 Tourism Queensland (1999). Internet site http://www.csiro.au, 5 August 1999.
85 Riddles, P. (1999), CSIRO Multi-Divisional Project, personal communication, 3 August 1999.
86 CSIRO (1999), Internet site: http://www.csiro.au/page.asp?type=researchProject&id=Forestry%20Wood%20and20Paper_Industrial%2 02/08/199.
87 CSIRO (1999), Internet site: http://www.csiro.au/page.asp?type=achievements&id=Pharmaceuticals%and%20Human%Health_Insec 02/08/1999
88 CSIRO (1999), Internet site: http://www.csiro.au/page.asp?type=issues&id=Meat%dairy%20and%20Aquaculture_Aquacultur.02/08/1999.
89 CSIRO Internet site: http://www.csiro.au/page.asp?type=researchProject&id=Plant%Industry_Australian%20Flor% 02/08/1999.
90 CSIRO Internet site: http://www.csiro.au/page.asp?type=researchProject&id=Biodiversity_Conserving%20and%20Monitoring%02/08/1999
91 CSIRO (1999) Internet site: http://www.csiro.au/page.asp?type=researchProject&id=Biodiversity_Sustainable%20Tourism_Tourism%20 02/08/1999.
92 CSIRO (1999), Internet site: http://www.csiro.au/page.asp?type=researchProject&id=Chemicals%20and%20Plastics_Specialty%20Desi 02/08/1999.
93 CSIRO (1999), Internet site: http://www.csiro.au/page.asp?type=researchProject&id=Biodiversity_Knowledge%20our%20Biodiversity_Bi 02/08/1999
94 Riddles, P. (1999), CSIRO Multi-Divisional Project, personal communication, 3 August 1999.
96 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (1999), About the Corporation, Internet site: http://www.frdc.com.au/home.html, 19 June 1999
97 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (1999), Investing for Tomorrow's Catch: the Corporation's Business Environment, Internet site http://www.frdc.com.au/pub/plan/2001/business.html, 19 June 1999.
100 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (1999), Resources Sustainability Program, Internet site: http://www.frdc.com.au/pub/anrep/98/projlist.html, 19 June 1999.
101 Nicholas, P. D., Virtue, P., Mooney, B. P., Elliott, N. G. and Yearsley, G. K. (1998), Seafood the Good Food, the oil (fat) content and Composition of Australian Commercial Fishes, Shellfish and Crustaceans, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation Project 95/122, CSIRO Marine Research, Australia.
102 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (1999), Resources Sustainability Program, Internet site: http://www.frdc.com.au/pub/anrep/98/projlist.html, 19 June 1999.
103 Evans, D. (1999), `Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation 's Program to Support the Wildflower Industry', In: New Flowers, Products and Technologies, Proceedings of the 5th Australian Wildflower Conference, 14-17 April, 1999.
104 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (1999), Internet site http://www.rirdc.gov.au/about.html, 19 June 1999.
107 Evans, D. (1999), `Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation 's Program to Support the Wildflower Industry', In: New Flowers, Products and Technologies, Proceedings of the 5th Australian Wildflower Conference, 14-17 April, 1999.
108 For example, Ramsay, B. J.(1994) Commercial use of Wild Animals in Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, ACT.
109 For example, Snowden, J. M., Roberts, M. and Cross, S. (1998), Emu Oil in Wound Healing and Cellular Regeneration, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publication No 98/18.
110 For example, Macarthur Consulting Pty Ltd (1997), A Review of the Impact of Government Policies on Kangaroo Industry Commercial Practices , Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Research Paper Series No 97/35.
112 For example, Centre for International Economics (1998), Benefit-cost analysis of RIRDC's Emerging Industries Program, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publication No 98/104.
113 For example, Frapple, P., O'Malley, P., Snowden, J. and Hagan, R. (1997), Emu Processing and Product Development, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publication No 97/66; in Hyde, K. ed. (1998), The New Rural Industries A Handbook for Farmers and Investors, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
114 The publication, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (1997), New Crops New Products, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Research Paper No 97/21 was produced as an outcome of such a conference.
115 For example the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (1997), New Crops New Products, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Research Paper No 97/21.
116 Evans, D. (1999), `Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation's Program to Support the Wildflower Industry', In: New Flowers, Products and Technologies, Proceedings of the 5th Australian Wildflower Conference, 14-17 April 1999.
118 Shaw, R. (1999), Director of the Victorian Node of the CRC Tourism, Footscray Campus, Victoria University of Technology; personal communication, 21 June 1999.
119 Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism (1999), About CRC Tourism; Internet site: http://www.crctourism.com.au/27912.asp, 10 June 1999.
120 Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism (1988/9), Researcher's Compendium 1998/9, CRC Tourism, Griffith University, Queensland.
121 Shaw, R. (1999), Director of the Victorian Node of the CRC Tourism, Footscray Campus, Victoria University of Technology; personal communication, 21 June 1999.
122 Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism (1999), Internet site: http://www.crc.sci.qut.edu.au/cdt4.html, 10 June 1999.
123 Undertaken by Dr Anthony Cheshire, A., Senior Lecturer, Botany Department, University of Adelaide.
125 Undertaken by Ms Martine Kinlock, a post-graduate student, Botany Department, University of Adelaide.
127 Undertaken by Ms Kate Delaporte, post graduate student, Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, Adelaide University.
128 Undertaken by Dr Graham Jones, Senior Lecturer, Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, Adelaide University.
129 Scarvelis, J. (1999), Manager, Export Unit Department of Primary Industries and Resources of South Australia (PIRSA), personal communication, 11 March 1999.
130 Oades, O. (1999), Dean of Agriculture and Natural Resources Sciences, University of Adelaide, personal communication, 11 Marc 1999.
131 Collaboration in SA was described by:
Clark, S. (1999), (1999), Aquaculture Program Leader, Fresh Water Aquaculture, South Australian Research and Development Institute, personal communications, and also
Ingerson, T. (1999), Client Manager, Fresh Water Aquaculture, South Australian Research and Development Institute, personal communications, 11 March, 1999.
132 Although so far a 1997 Agricultural Research Organisation - CSIRO Memorandum of Understanding has produced little.
133 Newman, G. (1998), Research Priorities for Fisheries and Aquaculture, Standing Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture, Melbourne, Vic.
134 For example, scoping research undertaken by the Rural Industries Development Corporation.
135 Keen, M. and Stocklmayer, S. (1999), Science Communication: the Evolving Role of Rural Industry Research and Development Corporations, Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 6(4) pp. 198-199.
136 Venom Supplies Pty Ltd, Written Submissions, No. U16.
137 Humphrey, T. (ed.) (1999), Rubber Vine Best Practice, (under review), Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Longreach, Queensland.
138 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (June 1998), Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Report of the Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT, p. xviii, Recommendation 1.
140 Bolton, M. (ed.) (1997), Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources, Conservation Biology Series, Chapman & Hall, London, p. 257-266.
141 For example, Tytherleigh, A., Written Submissions, No. U29.
142 Greer, A.E. (1997) The Biology and Evolution of Australian Snakes, Chipping Norton, NSW, as quoted in Michael Kearney, Written Submissions, No. U35.
143 Koehn, J., Manager, Freshwater Ecology, Written Submissions, No. U6.
144 Parsons, R. (1992), Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Bundoora. (1999), personal communication, July 1992.
145 Information on this contribution was provided by the late Jean Galbraith, author of the Collins filed Guide to the Wildflowers of South-Eastern Australia, 1977, Collins, Sydney, NSW. Miss Galbraith acknowledged the contribution of the members of the Latrobe Valley Field Naturalists Club in the Preface to this outstanding reference book.
146 Research undertaken by the Victorian Field Naturalist Clubs in collaboration with Dr Robert Parsons, Botany Department, La Trobe University, demonstrated the usefulness of this approach.
147 However, it should be added that professional research is not altogether exempt from these problems as well. Rigorous attention is always needed to ensure that information is of good quality.
148 Birds Australia Conservation Committee, Written Submissions, No. U30.
149 Dolphin Research Institute Inc, Written Submissions, No. U68.
150 Birds Australia Conservation Committee, Written Submissions, No. U30.
151 Birds Australia (1999), Internet site: http://home.vicnet.net.au/~birdsaus/emu/advice.html, 17 August 1999.
152 Weir, J. (1999), Director, Dolphin Research Institute, personal communication, 17 August 1999.
155 Duncan, A. (1999), Chief CSIRO Molecular Science, Melbourne, personal communication, 3.March 1999.
156 O'Brien, T. P.(1985), The Unexplored Potential of Indigenous Plants, in Jones, G. P. (1985), The Food Potential of Seeds from Australian Native Plants, Deakin University Press, Victoria, pp. 20-21.
157 Michael Kearney, Written Submissions, No. U35.
159 Cornish, P.S., and Kelleher, F. M., (1997), Integration of New Crops into Farming Systems, in Imrie, B.C., (eds.) (1997), New Crops, New Products - New Opportunities for Australian Agriculture, Proceedings of the First Australian New Crops Conference, The University of Queensland 8-11 July 1996, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Research Paper No. 97/21, pp. 97 - 107.
161 For example, most of the information contained in several publications on the value of native trees in farming systems has been obtained from farmers. An example is Lindsay, A. and Youl, R (1988), Victoria Felix Improving Rural Land with Trees, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria.
162 Shaw, R. (1999), CRC Tourism, Victoria University of Technology personal communication, 21 June 1999.
163 Norton, G. A. and Mumford, J. D. (eds.) (1993), Decision Tools for Pest Management, CAB International, UK.
164 For example - the Essential Oils Planning Workshop, held in June 1995 at Hobart.
165 Baxter, A. and Winstanley, R. (1999) Fisheries Management Report No 63: 1999 Consultation with NRE Regions on Fish Stocking, Fish Population Surveys and other Recreational Fisheries Management Issues, DNRE, Box Hill, Victoria. p. 1.
166 Wood, I, Chudleigh, P and Bond, K. (1994), Developing New Agricultural Industries. Lessons from the Past, Volume 1, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Research Paper Series No 94/1, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, p. 2.
168 For example, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation studies such as Feasibility of a Sustainable Bushfoods Industry in Western Queensland, and Prospects for the Australian Bushfood Industry, see also Internet sit: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/compendium/1995/pr-006.html, 17 August 1999.
169 Wood, I, Chudleigh, P and Bond, K. (1994), Developing New Agricultural Industries. Lessons from the Past, Volumes 1 and 2, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Research Paper Series No 94/1, 2, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, ACT.
170 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (1995), Internet Site: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/pub/compendium/1995/pr-006.html, 17 August 1999.
171 Gott, B. and Conran, J. (1998), Victorian Koorie Plants, Yangennanock Women's Group, Hamilton, Victoria; and also,
Gott, B. (1999), Department of Biology, Monash University, personal communication, 25 January 1999.
172 Keen, M. and Stocklmayer, S. (1999), Science Communication: the Evolving Role of Rural Industry Research and Development Corporations, Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 6(4) pp196-206.
177 Land and Water Research and Development Corporation (LWRRDC) `Communication Checklist', cited in Keen, M. and Stocklmayer, S. (1999), Science Communication: the Evolving Role of Rural Industry Research and Development Corporations, Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 6(4) p. 197.
178 Keen, M. and Stocklmayer, S. (1999), Science Communication: the Evolving Role of Rural Industry Research and Development Corporations, Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 6(4) pp. 202-203, 5.
181 Evans, D. (1999), Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation 's Program to Support the Wildflower Industry, in: New Flowers, Products and Technologies, Proceedings of the 5th Australian Wildflower Conference, 14-17 April, 1999.
182 Evans, D. (1999), Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation 's Program to Support the Wildflower Industry, in: New Flowers, Products and Technologies, Proceedings of the 5th Australian Wildflower Conference, 14-17 April 1999.
183 Centre for International Economics (1994), The Role of Government in New Industry Development, Rural Industries Development Corporation, Kingston, ACT, pp. 49-52.
186 Jolliff, G.D. (1997), Policy Considerations in New Crops Development, in Imrie, B.C., (eds.) (1997), New Crops, New Products - New Opportunities for Australian Agriculture, Proceedings of the First Australian New Crops Conference, The University of Queensland 8-11 July 1996, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Research Paper No. 97/21, p. 9.
189 Douglas, J. A. (1997), Commercialising New Crops, in Imrie, B.C., (eds.) (1997), New Crops, New Products - New Opportunities for Australian Agriculture, Proceedings of the First Australian New Crops Conference, The University of Queensland 8-11 July 1996, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Research Paper No. 97/21, p. 67.
191 Venom Supplies Pty Ltd, Written Submissions, No. U16.
192 Centre for International Economics (1994), The Role of Government in New Industry Development, Rural Industries Development Corporation, Kingston, ACT, p. 47.
