It is evident to the Committee that the key to sustainable harvesting is good management based on solid information.
Sustainable and efficient harvesting requires precise knowledge of processes controlling natural resources and involved in their utilisation. This information may then be incorporated into appropriate models upon which harvesting and management can be based.
Though there can be generalisations, knowledge of each situation is particular and poses specific management requirements.159 Furthermore, in basing management upon population models, it is of the utmost importance to keep in mind that the model is just that, a model, not reality. Models help to systematise available information into a form that is helpful to managers; they do not substitute for continued caution, careful monitoring of the impacts of utilisation and appropriate adjustments in line with the results of monitoring.160
Many submissions and witnesses drew attention to the fact that availability of information on which to base decisions concerning utilisation of native species is far from adequate.161 This is in an absolute sense and in the availability of information in forms that can usefully guide decisions.
One of the greatest difficulties is the lack, or patchiness, of information on many species - how they interact within the natural ecosystem, what impacts management has on them and how they respond to utilisation.
A second difficulty is the transmission of information, where it does exist, to those who need to use it.
This proposal to create a new industry to utilise [native] flora and fauna begs the question who will train and supervise private landholders?162
The issue faced by natural resource managers and regulators, such as the DNRE, is that utilisation and management cannot necessarily be deferred until more adequate information is available. By way of illustration, the Department described its approach to the wild-harvest of the wildflower billy buttons:
It is difficult to do this [be sure that the venture is managed sustainably] in a new industry such as that. We ... go to the sites that are proposed for harvesting to ... try to get a picture of what has happened over time. By definition that is anecdotal. It is rarely the case that any research has been undertaken over any period, although quite often a proposal [to wild-harvest] will trigger some research.
In the absence of information we do not hold back from issuing a permit if the population seems to be large and if the practices over some years seem to be okay ... Clearly if there is regeneration and the actual size of the population seems to be reasonably stable, despite a proportion being removed, that is the absolute bottom-line monitoring. We call it surveillance monitoring - a quick look to get a rough idea of the population size.163
The approach used by the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources could be described as `adaptive management'. This, and other approaches to the challenge of inadequate information and research, are considerd by the Committee in the next chapter.
1 Odum, E. P. (1971), Fundamentals of Ecology, W. B. Saunders Co., Philladelphia, pp. 60- 85.
4 Recher, H. F., Lunney, D. and Dunn, I. (1986), A Natural Legacy, Pergamon Press, Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales, pp. 53, 62 - 67.
5 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.). (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 88; and also
Hall, G. (1999), National Parks Service, Tasmania, personal communication, 4 March 1999.
6 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.). (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 138, 145, 154, 190; and also
Lindsay, A. and Youl, R. (1988) Victoria Felix Improving Rural Land with Trees, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria.
7 Rabbits are particularly destructive because they eat plant roots and bark as well as leaves.
8 Lorimer, M., (1999), Senior Scientist, Queensland Department of Environment, personal communication, 12 May 1999.
The cost of kangaroo proof fencing is about $1,800 per km - Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Minutes of Evidence, 3 May 1999.
9 Williamson, J, (1999), Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Bendigo, personal communication, 18 May 1996.
10 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.) (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 86.
11 Winkler, T. (1997), Koalas Seen as Big Threat to Parks, The Age, 27th October 1997.
12 Stone, M. cited by Winkler, T. (1997), `Koalas Seen as Big Threat to Parks', The Age, 27 October 1997; and also Anon (1999), `ANHM Presentation: Managing Victoria's Koalas', Field Nats News No. 73, Internet sit: http://calcite.apana.org.au/fncv/fnn73.html, 6 June 1999.
13 VRFish, Written Submissions, No. U10; Bant, R. and La Varenne, D., Written Submissions, No. U21; and also
Royals, S., Written Submissions, No. U24;
The Natural Australian Meat Company, Written Submissions, No. U33;
Delahunty, M, (1999), Minutes of Evidence, 3 May 1999.
14 Australian Conservation Foundation, Written Submissions, No. U12.
15 Mackenzie, M., Written Submissions, No. U69.
16 Burke, S. (1998), Windbreaks, Inkata, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 2.
17 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.) (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 237.
Bookmark Biosphere Trust (1986), Bookmark Biosphere Reserve Action Plan (Draft), Bookmark Biosphere Trust, Renmark, South Australia, p. 3 - 6.
21 Recher, H. F, Lunney, D. and Dunn, I. (1986), A Natural Legacy, Pergamon Press, Rushcutters Bay, NSW, pp. 259-260.
22 Cadwallader, P. L. and Backhouse, G. N. (1983), A Guide to the Freshwater Fish of Victoria, Government Printing Office, Melbourne, p. 173.
23 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.) (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 137, 140.
26 Aldenhoven, J. and Carruthers, G. (undated.), Kangaroos - Faces in the Mob, a film produced) by Green Cape Pty Ltd., Sydney, NSW.
27 Ough, K. & Murphy, A. (1996), The Effect Of Clearfell Logging On Tree-Ferns In Victorian Wet Forest, Arthur Rylah Institute, Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
28 Clark, R. L. (1990), `Ecological History for Environmental Management', Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 16:1-21.
29 Culling for the sake of the species has been done in some National Parks when very dry seasons and limited Habitat led to inadequate supply of feed for the resident kangaroo populations.
30 Royal Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Written Submissions, No. U17.
31 Animals Australia, Minutes of Evidence, 3 May 1999.
32 Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia, (1999), Kangaroo Harvesting, Internet site http://www.biodiversity.environment.gov.au/plants/wildlife/kangharv.ht, 22 July 1999
33 Hamblin, A. and Williams, J. (1999), Alarming Erosion of Australia's Soil and land Base, Internet site: http://www.atse.org.au/publications/focus/focus-hamblin.htm, 25 August 1999.
34 Lake, J. (1997), MCP: Exciting Native Cut-flower Treatment, Australian Horticulture, March 1997, p. 93.
35 The Australian Academy of Technical Science and Engineering (1999), Alarming erosion of Australia's Soil and Land Base, Internet site: http://www.atse.org.au/publications/focus/focus-hamblin.htm, 25 August 1999.
36 Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short. J. (eds.) (1987), Kangaroos, their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Cambridge University Press, UK, p. 99, and also
Hamblin, A. and Williams, J. (1999), Alarming Erosion of Australia's Soil and land Base, Internet site: http://www.atse.org.au/publications/focus/focus-hamblin.htm, 25 August 1999.
37 O'Malley, P. (1998) `Emu Farming', in Hyde, K. W. (ed.) The New Rural Industries A Handbook for Farmers and Investors, Rural Industry Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, Australia, p. 41.
38 Lindsay, A. (ed.) (1986), Land Capability Assessment in Victoria, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria.
39 Studies by the former Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works have shown that, even after clear-fell logging operations, the most persistent source of eroded material was from roads and tracks; eg. Langford, K. J. and O'Shaughnessy, P. J. (1980), Water Supply Catchment Hydrology Research Second Progress Report Coranderrk, Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works, Melbourne.
40 For example, see Biodiversity Unit (1993), Biodiversity and its Value, Biodiversity Series, Paper No. 1, Biodiversity Unit, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT.
41 Ministerial Council on Forestry, Fisheries, and Aquaculture (1999), National Policy for the Translocation of Live Aquatic Organisms - Issues, Principles and Guidelines for Implementation, Ministerial Council on Forestry, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Kingston, ACT, p. 1.
42 Costermans, L.F (1991), Native Trees and Shrubs of South-eastern Australia, 1996 reprint, Lansdowne Publishing Pty Ltd, p.180.
43 Lamp, C. and Collet, F, (1989), Field Guide to Weeds in Australia, Inkata, Melbourne, Vic., species .1.
44 Prokop, F. B. (ed.) (1995), What is translocation?, Fisheries Department of Western Australia, Perth, WA,
pp. 3 - 11.
45 Nomination No 204, Item No T9540 under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.
46 Ministerial Council on Forestry, Fisheries, and Aquaculture (1999), National Policy for the Translocation of Live Aquatic Organisms - Issues, Principles and Guidelines for Implementation, Ministerial Council on Forestry, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Canberra, ACT.
48 Cadwallader, P. L. and Backhouse, G. N. (1983), A Guide to the Freshwater Fish of Victoria, Government Printing Office, Melbourne, p. 105, and also
Barker, J. (1999), Department of Natural Resources and Environment, personal communication 31 August 1999.
For example, the Murray cod has virtually disappeared from its former natural range in Victoria. The only viable population at present is found in a small section of the Seven Creeks river system (Euroa) - a translocation from a Goulburn River population in 1921 and 1922; Cadwallader, P. L. and Backhouse, G. N. (1983), A Guide to the Freshwater Fish of Victoria, Government Printing Office, Melbourne, p. 105.
49 Department of Natural Resources and Environment (1997), Victoria's Biodiversity - Our Living Wealth, a document forming the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Strategy, State of Victoria, p. 2.
50 Maroondah City Council, Written submission, No. U 2
51 Genetic engineering involves the artificial transfer of genes between species. As such it presents a substantial modification of natural biological evolution.
52 Beal, A, (1999), Australian Native Produce, personal communication, 10 March 1999.
53 .O'Brien, T. P.(1985), `The Unexplored Potential of Indigenous Plants', in Jones, G. P., (ed.) (1985), The Food Potential of Seeds from Australian Native Plants, Deakin University Press, Victoria, p, 10; and also
Beardsell, D. (1985), `Domestication problems of Australian Plants', in Jones, G. P., (ed.) (1985), The Food Potential of Seeds from Australian Native Plants, Deakin University Press, Victoria, p147.
54 Australian Conservation Foundation, Written Submissions, No. U12.
55 Wimmera Catchment Management Authority, Written Submissions, No. U63.
56 Royal Botanical Gardens, Melbourne, (1999), Minutes of Evidence, 26 April 1999.
57 Beal, A, (1999), Director, Australian Native Produce, Renmark, personal communication, 9 March 1999; and also
Royal Botanical Gardens, Melbourne, (1999), Minutes of Evidence, 26 April 1999.
58 Australian Conservation Foundation, Written Submissions, No. U12.
59 F. B. Prokop, F. B. (ed.) (1995), What is translocation?, Fisheries Department of Western Australia, Perth, WA, pp. 3 - 11.
60 Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, (1999), Minutes of Evidence, 26 April 1999.
61 Australian Conservation Foundation, Written Submissions, No. U12.
62 Wartook Native Fish Culture, Written Submissions, No.U45.
63 Eels Australis Pty Ltd, Written Submissions, No. U43.
64 Recher, H. F, Lunney, D. and Dunn, I. (1986), A Natural Legacy, Pergamon Press, Rushcutters Bay, NSW,
p. 259; and also
Quammen, D. (1998), `Plant of Weeds: Tallying the Earth's Loss of Animals and Plants', Financial Review,
16 March 1998, pp. 8-11.
65 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.). (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 11 - 15.
66 Bureau of Rural Sciences (1999), Remote Sensing of Agricultural Land Cover Change 1990-1995 Results, Internet site: http://www.brs.gov.au/land&water/landcov/alcc_results.html, 25 January 2000; and also
Miller, C. (1999), `Victoria's Bushland Clearing at Alarming Rate', in The Age, 28 May 1999, p. 8.
67 Glanznig, A. (1995), Native Vegetation Clearance, Habitat Loss and Biodiversity Decline, Biodiversity Series, Paper No. 6, Biodiversity Unite, Environment Australia, Canberra, p, 33.
68 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (1998), Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT. p, xiii
69 eg. Earth Sanctuaries, Written Submissions, No. U11.
70 Birds Australia Conservation Committee, Written Submissions, No. U30.
71 Gott, B. (1993), `Use of Victorian Plants by Koories', in Forman, D. B. and Walsh, N. G., (eds.), Flora of Victoria, Inkata Press, Melbourne, Vic., p, 198.
72 Data supplied by Ainsworth, M., Fisheries Victoria, Geelong, personal communication, 22 June 1999.
73 Sargeant, I. (1998) Research Fellow, Deakin University, personal communication, 30 September 1999; and also
Matthews, J., (1999), Wildlife Wonderland, Bass Highway, personal communication, 18 March 1999.
74 Several submissions referred to refer to "abundant species"; for example:
Royal Botanic Gardens, Written Submissions, No. U26;
Birds Australia Conservation Committee, Written Submissions, No. U30;
Mid-Murray Field Naturalists Club, Written Submissions, No. U65; and
McGowan, P., Written Submissions, No. U3 and
South Gippsland Conservation Society, Written Submissions, No. U5.
75 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.) (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, p, 83.
79 Senate Rural Affairs and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee (1998) Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT, p. xxv
80 Fisheries Victoria (1999), Catch and Effort, Information Bulletin 1998, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Vic; and also
Barker, J. (1999), Department of Natural Resources and Environment, personal communication, 31 August 1999.
81 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.) (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 82-83.
85 The Southern Bushfood Association, Written Submissions, No. U31.
86 Webber, J., Johnston, M, Ketelhohn, L., & O'Brien, S. (1996), `Domestication of potential new floricultural crops', In: New Crops, New Products, New Opportunities for Australian Agriculture, Volume 2, Pulses, Oilseed.s and Horticultural, Industrial and Bioactive Crops, Rural Industries Research Corporation Research Paper No 97/21, Rural Industries Research Corporation, Rural Industries Research Corporation, Canberra, ACT, pp.127-134.
87 Cheshire, A. (1999), Senior Lecturer, Botany Department, University of Adelaide, personal communication, 11 March.
88 Bolton, M. (ed.) (1997), Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources, Conservation Biology Series, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 26-31.
89 Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short. J. (eds.) (1987), Kangaroos, their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 214-215.
90 O' Brien, T. P. (1985), `The Unexplored Potential of Indigenous Plants', pp. 1-24 in Jones, G. P. (ed.), The Food Potential of Seeds from Australian Native Plants, Deakin University Press, Geelong, pp, 9-10.
91 Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short. J. (eds.) (1987), Kangaroos, their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Cambridge University Press, UK.
92 Beal, A., (1999), Director, Australian Native Produce, Renmark, personal communication, 9 March 1999.
93 For example, South Gippsland Conservation Society, Written Submissions, No. U5;
Emu Industry Development Committee, Written Submissions, No. U20; and
Bant, R. and La Varenne, D Written Submissions, No. U21;
94 For example, Cowling, Y., Written submission, No. 22, and also;
Australian Wildlife Protection Council, Written submission, No. U 60.
95 Wimmera Catchment Management Authority, Written submission, No. U 63.
96 Preece, K., Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Minutes of Evidence, Melbourne, 26 April 1999.
97 Ahern, P., Written Submissions, No. U71.
98 Stimson, R. J., Daly, M. T., Jenkins, O., Roberts, B. H. and Ross, S. (1996), Occasional Paper No 23: Tourism in Australia: An Overview of Trends, Issues and Prospects, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 6, 12-13.
99 Stimson, R. J., Daly, M. T., Jenkins, O., Roberts, B. H. and Ross, S. (1996), Occasional Paper No 23: Tourism in Australia: An Overview of Trends, Issues and Prospects, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 79.
100 Bolton, M. (ed.) (1997), Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources, Conservation Biology Series, Chapman & Hall, London, p. 235; and also
Commonwealth Department of Tourism, (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, p. 5; and
Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia, School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University, Discussion Paper, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, pp. 4-8.
101 Commonwealth Department of Tourism, (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993,Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, p. 17.
102 Australian Conservation Foundation (19994), Policy Statement No. 57 Tourism, Internet site: http://www.acfonline.org.au/Policies/57tourism.htm, 10 May 1999.
103 Miller, C. (1999), `Dolphin's Whistle Sends a Special Message', The Age, 24/11/1999, p. 5.
104 Dolphin Research Institute Inc, Written Submissions, No. U68.
105 Hunt, N, (1999), Executive Director, Tourism Training Victoria, personal communication, 8 July 1999.
106 Bolton, M. (ed.), (1997), Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources, Conservation Biology Series, Chapman & Hall, London, p. 19.
107 The Committee inspected. the Penguin Parade facility during its study tour program.
108 Australian Conservation Foundation, Written Submissions, No. U12.
109 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.). (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 1.
110 Lindsay, A. M. (1995), Effects of Soil Compaction on Early Regrowth of Forest Species in South Eastern Australia,. Ph D Thesis, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, pp. 2.12 - 2.14.
111 Recher, H. F., Lunney, D. and Dunn, I. (1986), A Natural Legacy, Pergamon Press, Rushcutters Bay, NSW,
p. 334.
112 Chartres, C. (1987) `Australia's Land Resources at Risk', in Chisholm, A. and Dumsday, R (1987), Land Degradation Problems and Policies, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 2-26.
113 Flora and Fauna Guarantee - Scientific Advisory Committee (1992), Final Recommendations for Nomination for Listing - file 91/5684, Nomination 204 Item T9540.
114 Parliament of Victoria Environment and Natural Resources Committee (1998), Weeds in Victoria, Government Printer, Melbourne, Vic.
115 Menkhorst, P. W. (ed.). (1995), Mammals of Victoria, Distribution, Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 5.
116 Semarat, P. (1986), Potential for Yabby Farming in Victoria - A Land Capability Approach, M. Env. Sc. Thesis, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria.
117 Friends of the Earth, Written Submissions, No. 64; and also
Australian Conservation Foundation, Written Submissions, No. U12.
118 For example Victorian Field and Game Association Inc., Written Submissions, No. 41; and also
Victorian Game and Deer Stalking Association (VICGAME), Written Submissions, No. U47.
119 Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short. J. (eds.) (1987), Kangaroos, their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Cambridge University Press, UK, p. 1.
120 National Rangelelands Management Working Group (1996), Draft National Strategy for Rangeland Mangement, Department of Environment, Sports and Territories for the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Canberra, pp. 6-7.
121 Environment Australia, Biodiversity Group, (1999), Export of Australian Native Plants, Wildflowers and Products made from Native Plants Notice 29, Internet site: http://www.biodiversity.environment.gov.au/bg/plants/wildlife/inf29.htm, 19 January 1999; and also
Southern Game Meat, (1999), Species, http://www.sgm.com.au/Species2.htm, 19 January 1999.
122 Southern Game Meat, (1999), Species, Internet site: http://www.sgm.com.au/Species2.htm, 19 January 1999.
123 Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short. J. (eds.), (1987), Kangaroos, their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Cambridge University Press, UK, p. 99.
124 Environment Australia, Biodiversity Group, (1999), Export of Australian Native Plants, Wildflowers and Products made from Native Plants Notice 29, Internet site: http://www.biodiversity.environment.gov.au/bg/plants/wildlife/inf29.htm, 19 January 1999.
125 Lavery, H. J.(ed.) (1985), The Kangaroo Keepers, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, Queensland,
pp. 169-171.
127 Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short. J. (eds.) (1987), Kangaroos, their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Cambridge University Press, UK, p, 83; and also
NSW Farmers (1999), Vegetarian Extremist out of her depth on Kangaroo Culling, Internet site http://www.nswfarmers.org.au/press/1998/March/05698 .htm, 19 January 1999.
128 Grigg, G. C. (1995), `Kangaroo Harvesting for Conservation of Rangelands, Kangaroos ... and Grazing', in Grigg, G. C., Hale, P. T. and Lunney, D. (1995), Conservation through Sustainable Use of Wildlife, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, Qld., pp. 161-165.
129 Field and Game Australia and the Sporting Shooters Council of Victoria, Minutes of Evidence, 3 May 1999.
131 Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short. J. (eds.) (1987), Kangaroos, their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 69-83.
133 Centre for Conservation Biology, University of Queensland (1999), Internet site: http://www.ccb.uq. edu.au/website/; 19 January 1999, and also
NSW Farmers (1999), Internet site: http://www.nswfarmers.org.au/press/1998/March/05698 .htm, 19 January 1999.
134 Scott, D. and Christoff, P.(1991), 1991 State of the Environment Report: Agriculture and Victoria's Environment, Office of the Commission for the Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 157.
136 Lavery, H. J.(ed.) (1985), The Kangaroo Keepers, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, Queensland, pp. 94-95.
138 Earth Sanctuaries, Written Submissions, No. U11.
Mirtschin, P. J. (1994). The big Conservation Facade, A sledgehammer to miss the nut, Monitor, 7(3):124-136.
140 Walker, B.(1999), Land Use Development Evaluation Division, WA Department of Environmental Protection, personal communication, 10.February 1999.
141 Bolton, M. (ed.) (1997), Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources, Conservation Biology Series, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 218-220.
142 Fleay, D. (1994), We Breed. the Platypus, Robertson and Mullens, Melbourne, pp. 23-37.
143 Haywood, D. (1999),Chairman, Zoological Parks and Gardens Board, Victoria, personal communication,
2 February 1999.
144 Conference papers, Domestic Markets Reveal(ed.) Conference, Melbourne Convention Centre, 9 June 1999,
p. 265.
145 Slater, G. (1999), Conservation and Research, Zoological parks and Gardens Board of Victoria, personal communication, 14.July 1999.
146 McClure, R., (1999), Manager, Experimental Area, Department of Biology, Monash University, Clayton, personal communication, 22 July 1999.
147 `Mr Fern' Written Submissions, No. U50.
148 State forests are public lands managed. for forestry and recreational and conservation purposes; also
Mr Fern, Written Submissions, No. U50.
149 Mr Fern, Written Submissions, No. U50.
150 McGee, W. (1999), Managing Director, McGee Logging, personal communication, 19 May 1999.
152 Ough, K. & Murphy, A. (1998), Understorey Islands: A Method of Protecting Understorey Flora During Clearfelling Operations, Value Adding and Silvicultural Systems Program, VSP Report No. 29, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, pp. 1.
153 Natural Resources and Environment, Minutes of Evidence, 26 April 1999.
154 Natural Resources and Environment, Minutes of Evidence, 26 April 1999; and also
Ough, K. and Murphy, A. (1996), The Effect Of Clearfell Logging On Tree-Ferns In Victorian Wet Forest, Research Report, Arthur Rylah Institute, Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
155 Natural Resources and Environment, Minutes of Evidence, 26 April 1999; and also
Ough, K. & Murphy, A. (1998), Understorey Islands: A Method of Protecting Understorey Flora During Clearfelling Operations, Value Adding and Silvicultural Systems Program, VSP Report No. 29, Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
156 Natural Resources and Environment, Minutes of Evidence, 26 April 1999; and also
Ough, K. & Murphy, A. (1998), Understorey Islands: A Method of Protecting Understorey Flora During Clearfelling Operations, Value Adding and Silvicultural Systems Program, VSP Report No. 29, Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
157 Ough, K. & Murphy, A. (1998), Understorey Islands: A Method of Protecting Understorey Flora During Clearfelling Operations, Value Adding and Silvicultural Systems Program, VSP Report No. 29, Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
158 Natural Resources and Environment, Minutes of Evidence, 26 April 1999 and also
Ough, K. and Murphy, A. (1998), Understory Islands: a method of protecting Understory Flora During Clearfelling Operations, Value Adding and Silvicultural Systems Program, VSP Internal Report No. 29, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Vic.
159 Getz, W. M. and Haight, R. G. (1989), Population Harvesting. Demographic Models of Fish, Forests and Animal Resources, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, p. 3-4.
Lindsay, A. (undated.), Mathematical Modelling for Ecology, Environmental Discussion Paper, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Monash University, Melbourne.
161 for example: Wildlife Population Assessment Section, Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra, Minutes of Evidence, 10.May1999; Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Minutes of Evidence, 10.May.1999; and also
Australian Conservation Foundation, Written Submissions, No. U12;
Gott, B., Department of Biological Sciences, Written submission, No. U 7; and
Royal Botanic Gardens, Written Submissions, No. U26;
Tytherleigh, A., Written Submissions, No. U29; The Southern Bushfood Association, Written Submissions, No. U31; Kearney, M., Written submission, No. U35; Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce (Oceania) Inc., Written Submissions, No. U42.
162 Cuce, S., Written Submissions, No. U25.
163 Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Minutes of Evidence, Melbourne, 26 April 1999.
