RECREATIONAL FISHING AND HUNTING
Recreational Fishing
Fishing, including both freshwater and marine, is a recreational activity enjoyed by approximately a third of Australians.164 In Victoria it has been estimated that 23 per cent of people aged over 14 years fish at least once a year (1996 survey),165 of whom just over a half fish in fresh waters. That is, approximately 454,000 people fish for inland species each year.166
The National Institute of Economic and Industry Research undertook an analysis of the economic impact of recreational fishing in 1996-97.167 It estimated that more than $1.037 billion was spent on recreational fishing activities in Victoria in 1996 - or approximately $200 per kilo of fish caught!
Recreational freshwater fishing activity in Victoria is, however, largely focussed on introduced species, notably rainbow trout, brown trout and redfin (or European perch). Many Victorian waterways now have self-sustaining populations of such introduced species,168 although the fish stock is still maintained artificially in some areas.
There are 27 species of predominantly freshwater native fish found in Victorian watercourses. A number of these native species offer good sport and eating. While the proportion of native fish caught is small relative to introduced species, it is not insignificant.169 Of those who fish in fresh waters, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment have estimated that approximately 30 per cent would fish for native fish - or about 136,000 people.170 This represents approximately $180 million gross contribution to the Victorian economy.171
Native species sought include:
mm) short-finned eel (Anguilla australis);
nn) long-finned eel (Anguilla reinhardti), to a lesser extent that the short-finned eel;
oo) common galaxias (Galaxias maculatus);
pp) Australian bass (Macquaria colonorum);
qq) golden perch (Macquaria ambigua);
rr) river blackfish (Gadopsis marmoratus);
ss) Murray cod (Maccullochella peeli);
tt) Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica);
uu) silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus), also called black bream or silver bream; and
vv) Australian grayling (Protocroctes maraena).172
Of these, the most sought after are Murray cod and golden perch, which are favoured by 17 per cent and 16 per cent respectively of inland anglers.173
The last four species are listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and, in fact, may not be taken.174
Crustaceans are also sought. The main edible freshwater native species popularly sought are the spiny freshwater crayfish (Eustacas spp.) and the yabby (Cherax destructor). Freshwater mussels, particularly the widespread Velesunio ambignus, are also sought by some.
The taking of all such species requires a recreational fishery licence under the Fisheries Act 1995, other than for certain categories of person and for the catching of yabbies on lines without hooks.175 A range of regulations apply, covering closed and open seasons, and bag and size limits vary in line with sustainable-catch criteria for individual species (these are outlined in Victorian Recreational Fishing Regulations Guide 1998-99).176
A range of government support is provided to recreational fishers. Information is provided through publications such as the Fisheries Notes series,177 on the biology, distribution, habitat and regulations affecting native species sought by recreational anglers. The State government also operates a fish-stocking program. This program is largely driven by recreational-fishing needs, although in recent times it has also focussed on conservation requirements.
Fish-stocking Program
Both exotic salmonid fish (brown trout, rainbow trout and Chinook salmon) and native species are released by the State government into Victorian watercourses.178 Somewhat greater emphasis and allocation of resources is given to stocking of the exotic species than native species,179 albeit less so than in the past.
With respect to release of native fish, Victoria's policy is contained in Policy Statement - Native Fish Stocking in Public Waters.180 Fisheries Victoria is responsible for the implementation of this policy. Under the policy, stocking of inland waters is for conservation and recreational purposes. Conditions under which stocking with native fish can occur are specified. These include that:
ww) there is a reasonable expectation that the habitat is suitable for survival and growth;
xx) the waters concerned are within the known former range of the species, except where special management or research needs arise or exist; and
yy) the conservation status of other native fish species or unique faunal assemblages is not put at risk.181
Priorities are given to:
habitat suitability criteria, existing or potential population levels of the species, capacity to monitor the stocking results, and the need of the angling public or conservation status of the species.182, 183
The policy does not address the source of stock, that is whether or not effort should be made to breed stock from local genetic sources, an approach that is desirable if genetic diversity is to be maintained.
Native fish used for stocking of waterways are bred at the government-operated Snobs Creek Hatchery or are purchased from commercial hatcheries such as Native Fish Australia at Bundoora. Native fish are released when they weigh approximately one gram.184 There are high mortalities from the release of such small fish, but methods to grow them on to a larger size are costly and not well developed.
The native species used in stocking programs are listed in Table 5.3.
Table 5.3 Native fish stocking program - Fisheries Victoria, 1999
Species |
Approximate numbers released to Victorian inland waters |
Australian bass |
10,000 |
Golden perch |
556,000 |
Silver perch |
17,000 |
Murray cod |
133,000 |
Trout cod (conservation purposes only) |
30,000 |
Source: Data supplied by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Alexandra.185
By comparison, 400,000 salmonid (the main group of exotic species used) fingerlings averaging 100 grams each were released in 1996.186
Strengths and Challenges
A well-established recreational fishing sector makes use of native fish. Interest in such native species for sport is increasing, but is still significantly lower than the level of activity of those targeting exotic freshwater fish.
Angling offers recreation that is accessible to people with widely ranging incomes,187 and has potential for synergies between recreational uses and both education and conservation. Anglers recognise that for such positive interactions to be maximised, and harmful effects avoided, effective policies and management are needed.
The management of water quality and waterway habitat is vital for recreational fishing activity but beyond the control of fishery managers or participants alone.188 Unfortunately there is evidence that fish stocks and their habitats are under threat.189 Poor management of land and waterways and damage to habitats caused by introduced species are major factors in this threat. Predation by, and competition from, introduced species exacerbate the impact of habitat degradation.190
The National Policy for Recreational Fishing recognised that funding by State fisheries management agencies is inadequate.191 In 1993 it was estimated to be approximately half that needed for recreational fisheries management, though Victoria's new general angling licence will help to alleviate this problem. The National Policy identified
priority areas for additional funding as including:
Research, policy development, community education, resource monitoring, enhancement, enforcement, recreational fisher representation and further development of recreational fishing opportunities.192
Efforts are being made to avoid producing imbalance in the native populations by restocking and to obtain stocks from an appropriate gene pool.193
The Committee was told, during its Study Tour of western Victoria, that these efforts are, at times, being frustrated by funding limitations which provide pressure to take fish stock from the cheapest source. This is supported by information published by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment.194
Artificial stocking of angling species can help maintain the desired level of fishing pressure. There is, however, a range of issues associated with this. Exotic fish affect native fish through predation, spread of disease, competition, harassment and habitat disturbance. For instance, the Flora and Fauna Guarantee - Scientific Advisory Committee has recommended listing the stocking of fish as a potentially threatening process to the State's biodiversity, in certain circumstances. The defined threatening process is:
[The] deliberate or accidental introduction of live fish into private waters within a Victorian river catchment in which the taxon to which the fish belong cannot reliably be inferred to have been present prior to the year 1770 AD.195
A range of issues was raised in the Federal Government's Recreational Fishing in Australia, A National Policy.196 These include:
zz) aquatic habitats and ecosystems are the key to healthy fisheries and require protection, restoration and enhancement;
aaa) recreational fishing needs to be managed as part of the management of the total fisheries resource;
bbb) governments have a key stewardship and coordination role;
ccc) the recreational fishing industry should participate in protecting and managing the fish resource;
ddd) consultation at Federal, State and local levels is needed;
eee) recreational fishers are entitled to a share of the fish resource, taking into account long-term sustainable yields;
fff) the desirability of recreational fishers adopting a Code of Practice;197
ggg) programs which seek to increase fishing opportunities should generally be encouraged;
hhh) the need for programs which encourage a stronger conservation ethic in the community;
iii) recreational fishing provides economic, educational, health and other social benefits that should be recognised and promoted;
jjj) fishing management decisions should be based on sound information including fish biology, fishing activity and catches, and the economic and social values of fishing;
kkk) adequate funding and support should be provided to manage recreational fishing as part of integrated resource and environmental management; and
lll) recreational fishers should continue to meet the costs of sound management.
The Committee notes that in extending the requirement for recreational fishing licences to marine waters, the Government has committed all such additional revenue to fisheries research and management, including the buy out of competing commercial licence access rights.
Hunting
The only native species that may be legally hunted in Victoria are those that are defined `game' species and declared `pest' species. Native fauna currently classified as `game' are the stubble quail and eight species of duck. Only one native animal is currently classified as a `pest' species - the dingo (Canis familiaris dingo).
Both `game' and `pest' species are excluded from the Inquiry under the Terms of Reference. Several submissions, however, raised the possibility of additional native species being declared `game'. 198
Species suggested as additional game species included wombats and other species currently permitted to be controlled by farmers, as well as the larger species of kangaroos. Currently Queensland is the only State that permits hunting of large kangaroos for sport.199 The Committee also notes that duck shooting was banned in Western Australia in 1990 and in New South Wales in 1995.
The possibility of linking recreational hunting to pest control or commercial harvesting was also suggested.200 Some of these submissions claimed that this would offer an alternative way to control excess populations of kangaroos. Pest species suggested as suitable game species were:
mmm) galahs, cockatoos and corellas;201
nnn) ravens (colloquially known as crows);
ooo) kangaroos (eastern and western grey kangaroos);
ppp) possums; and wombats.202
However, an alternative point of view was that hunting would not provide the reduction in numbers desired by pastoralists.203 Nor did others consider it an effective means of controlling `super-abundant' animals.204
Various hunting groups suggested the following other species as good game species:
qqq) Japanese snipe;
rrr) brown quail;
sss) pigeons (common bronze-wing, crested pigeon, wonga pigeon and the spotted turtle dove);
ttt) swans;
uuu) purple swamp hen;
vvv) freckled duck;
www) plumed whistling duck; and
xxx) the Cape Barren Goose. 205
The Victorian Game and Deer Stalking Association suggested that hunting would offer incentives to protect habitat and attract tourist dollars.206 Representatives of peak hunting clubs supported the claim that hunting of kangaroos would attract overseas tourists, especially if trophies could be taken out of Australia.207 However, from the point of view of ecotourism, the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program considers that hunting or any other form of intrusion into native faunal populations would not meet ecotourism accreditation guidelines.208
The claims that hunting has considerable potential to further wildlife conservation through habitat protection and restoration, and the fostering of a conservation ethic are supported by the Senate Report, several submissions and information provided to the Committee during its study tour to Zimbabwe.209
In the past a percentage of the Victorian game-hunting licence fees were used to purchase wetlands for inclusion in the State Game Reserve system.210
The Committee observed the benefits of hunting as a source of income and incentive for conservation during its study tour of Zimbabwe, but acknowledges that conditions in that country are very different from those in Victoria.211 Certainly the income derived from the lucrative big-game-hunting industry is proving a strong incentive to local communities to protect the animals both through reducing poaching and habitat protection. It is also providing much-needed income to people who are otherwise in very poor circumstances. On the other hand, in Kenya, where a similar style of tourism industry has been managed in a different manner, such tourism has not ensured the protection of habitats.212
The Committee was also informed of an approach to hunting that has recently been developed in Tasmania,213 which uses `Property Based Game Management Plans'. A similar approach has recently been adopted by landholders and government agencies in western New South Wales. The game-management plan approach provides for individual hunters to contract with landholders for access and hunting rights to game species (mainly feral pigs and goats). Hunters may remove these animals, and in the New South Wales approach, must also shoot kangaroos on a kill-and-let-lie basis and destroy feral pests as well as game species. Landholders can charge a fee for hunting.
In addition to providing hunting opportunities, the reduction of native animals and pest species population can benefit habitat. Further details are provided in Chapter 10.
Strengths and Challenges
There is interest by some hunting groups to increase the number of native species that it is permissible to hunt. The species sought are mostly those that may be killed by farmers as part of control programs. Some consider hunting as an important draw-card for tourists.214 Property-based Wildlife Management Plans may enable recreational hunters access to animals, while meeting the needs of landholders.
A number of groups and individuals did not support any additional native species being made available for recreational hunting and, indeed, advocated the further restriction of species currently available to recreational hunting. Others raised a concern that consumptive uses of wildlife would reduce the attractiveness of Victoria as a tourist destination to visitors.215
There is a potential conflict between hunting and ecotourism where the same locality is sought for both.216 According to the Coalition Against Duck Shooting, wetland tourism is providing a substantial boost to several rural economies and could expand considerably. Examples provided are:
Kerang, Boort and Donald ... prime examples of towns that have the potential to become major tourist centres for international visitors.217
The presence of hunting in these wetlands may detract considerably from this development.218
1 DCE (1992), Ecotourism - A Natural Strength for Victoria - Australia, Department of Conservation and Environment.
2 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, Executive Summary, p. 1, 5.
3 Gome, C., Market Analyst, Tourism Victoria, personal communication, 16 August 1999.
4 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 35
5 Stimson, R. J., Daly, M. T., Jenkins, O., Roberts, B. H. and Ross, S. (1996), Occasional Paper No 23: Tourism in Australia: An Overview of Trends, Issues and Prospects, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 46
6 Scott, D. and Christoff, P. (1991), 1991 State of the Environment Report: Agriculture and Victoria's Environment, Office of the Commission for the Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 1.
7 Bureau of Tourism Research data analysed by Campbell Gome, C., Market Analyst, Tourism Victoria, personal communication, 16 August 1999.
8 Department of Conservation and Environment (1992), Ecotourism: a Natural Strength for Victoria , Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 13.
9 Dwyer, C (1999), Domestic Markets Revealed, Introduction in conference papers, Domestic Markets Revealed conference, Melbourne Convention Centre, 9 June 1999.
10 Tourism Victoria (1999) Victorian Market Overview, paper presented at the Domestic Markets Revealed conference, Melbourne Convention Centre, 9 June 1999.
11 Tourism Victoria (1997/98), Tourism Victoria Annual Report 1997/98. Tourism Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 10-11.
12 Bureau of Tourism Research data analysed by Campbell Gome, C. Market Analyst, Tourism Victoria, personal communication, 16 August 1999.
13 For example, Tourism Victoria Business Plan 1997-2001, the draft Nature Based Tourism Action Plan by Tourism Victoria, the Tourism Victoria Business Plan 1997-2001.
14 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, pp. 27-28.
16 Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia, School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University, Discussion Paper , La Trobe University, Bundoora Victoria, p. 1.
17 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 42.
18 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, pp. 38, 40 53 and 89.
19 Stimson, R. J., Daly, M. T., Jenkins, O., Roberts, B. H. and Ross, S. (1996), Occasional Paper No 23: Tourism in Australia: An Overview of Trends, Issues and Prospects, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 129; Tourism Victoria (1997), Tourism and the Economy, Research Update, October 1997.
20 Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia , School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University, Discussion Paper , La Trobe University , Bundoora Victoria, pp. 3 - 5.
21 Department of Conservation and Environment (1992), Ecotourism: a Natural Strength for Victoria, Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, Forward.
22 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track - Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities, Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 10.
Moore, E., Chair, Birds Australia Conservation Committee, Written Submissions, No. U30,
Walsh, P., SE Australia Program Manager, World Wide Fund for Nature Australia, Written Submissions, No. U46,
Walsh, P., SE Australia Program Manager, World Wide Fund for Nature Australia, Written Submissions, No. U46,
Wilson, J., Conservation Coordinator, The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc., Written Submissions, No. U66, and
Weir, Director, Dolphin Research Institute Inc, Written Submissions, No. U68.
Some considered that tourism could make a vastly greater contribution to the Victorian economy than at present. Their claims were based on an appreciation of the resource rather than any information on demand.
24 Drayton, A., Chief Executive Officer, Victorian Tourism Operators Association; personal communication, 16 June 99.
25 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism , Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 48; and also
Ray Leivers, Manager of Phillip Island activities for Parks Victoria - personal communication, 18 March 1999.
Leivers, R., Manager of Phillip Island activities for Parks Victoria - personal communication, 18 March 1999.
The Melbourne Zoo, and the Art Gallery are the most popular fee-for-entry attractions.
27 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism , Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 78.
28 Burns,G., Marketing Manager, Phillip Island Activities for Parks Victoria, quoting data provided by KPMG consultants.
29 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria (1998) Annual report 97-98 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 5.
Walker, G., Manager Marketing and Visitors Services, Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria, personal communication, 14 July, 1999.
31 Stimson, R. J., Daly, M. T., Jenkins, O., Roberts, B. H. and Ross, S. (1996), Occasional Paper No 23: Tourism in Australia: An Overview of Trends, Issues and Prospects, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 72.
32 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, pp. 76-77.
33 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. (1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 11.
34 Drayton, A., Victorian Tourism Operators Association, personal communication, 16 June 1999.
35 Blamey, R. and Hatch, D.(1998), Occasional Paper No 25: Profiles and Motivations of Nature-Based Tourists Visiting Australia, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 33.
36 Average number of overseas visitors to the Grampians National Park in 1992 was 41,300 and the annual growth rate of overseas visits was predicted to be 4 per cent - Fox, W., Manager, Industry Strategies Tourism Victoria, personal communication, 24 May 1999; and also
Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 48.
The 4 per cent growth rate gives an estimate of overseas visitors in 1999 as 54,300.
37 Stimson, R. J., Daly, M. T., Jenkins, O., Roberts, B. H. and Ross, S. (1996), Occasional Paper No 23: Tourism in Australia: An Overview of Trends, Issues and Prospects, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT.
38 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. (1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 44.
39 Earth Sanctuaries Ltd, Written Submissions, No U11.
40 Donald Hawkins (1997), cited in Bolton, M. (ed.) (1997), Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources, Chapman & Hall, London, UK, p. 232.
Claims that 20-25 per cent of leisure travel has elements of ecotourism, but the authors consider that many operators use `eco' for marketing, with little concern for its meaning.
41 Commonwealth Department of Tourism (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, p. 3; and also
Fox, W., Manager Industry Strategies, Tourism Victoria personal communication, 24 June 1999.
42 Commonwealth Department of Tourism (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, p. 3.
43 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 5.
45 ibid., pp. 38, 40 53 and 89.
46 An example of its publications is the Australian Ecotourism Guide (1996).
47 Commonwealth Department of Tourism (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, p. 11; and also
Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia , School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University, Discussion Paper , La Trobe University , Bundoora Victoria, p. 1-3.
48 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism , Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 38.
49 Tourism Queensland (1999), Ectourism Consumer Research; A National Domestic Survey, Internet site: http://www.qttc.com.au/qep/research.htm, 18 June 1999.
50 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track - Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 10.
51 Hundloe, T., Environmental Management Centre, University of Queensland and Chairperson of the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program; personal communication, 15 June, 1999.
52 Hundloe, T., Chairperson of the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program and Charters, A., Director of Planning and Destination Development, Tourism Queensland, personal communications, 11 June 1999.
53 Leivers, R., General Manager, Phillip Island Nature Park personal communication, 18 June 1999.
54 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track - Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 60; The Department retains responsibility for ecotourism development while tourism Victoria caters for the broader nature-based tourism market.
55 Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (1993). Mallee Tourism and Recreational Strategy. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, North-West Area National Parks Service, Victoria.
56 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. (1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 60.
57 Hundloe, T., Chairperson of the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program and Mr Tony Charters, Director of Planning and Destination Development, Tourism Queensland, personal communications, 11 June 1999.
58 Fox, W., Manager Industry Strategies, Tourism Victoria personal communication, 24 June 1999.
59 Information supplied in a number of pamphlets used by Tourism Operators Association and by Lee, A., President Victorian Tourism Operators Association, personal communication, 20 July, 1999.
60 Parks Victoria (1997/98), Parks Victoria Annual Report 1997/98, Parks Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 10; and also
MacCleod, A., Customer Service Representative, Parks Victoria, personal communication, 16 August 1999.
61 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism , Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 102.
62 Parks Victoria (1997/98), Parks Victoria Annual Report 1997/98, Parks Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 31, 34.
64 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. (1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 24.
67 Tourism Queensland (1999), Ectourism Consumer Research; A National Domestic Survey, Internet site: http://www.qttc.com.au/qep/research.htm, 18 June 1999.
68 Tourism Victoria (undated) Domestic Market Research Summary, Tourism Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria.
69 Fox, W. (1999), Manager Industry Strategy, Tourism Victoria, personal communication, 30 June 1999.
70 Fox, W. (1999), Manager Industry Strategy, Tourism Victoria, personal communication, 30 June 1999.
71 McArthur, S. and Weir, B. ed.(1997), `Ecotourism through the Year 2000'; Proceedings of the Ecotourism Association of Australia National Conference 1997, Port Stephens, NSW, Ecotourism Association of Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, p. 18.
72 Department of Conservation and Environment (1992), Ecotourism: a Natural Strength for Victoria , Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 14.
73 Hundloe, T. (1999), Environmental Management Centre, University of Queensland and Chairperson of the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program and Charters, A., (1999), Director of Planning and Destination Development, Tourism Queensland and Founding President of the Ecotourism Association of Australia; personal communications, 15 June 1999.
74 Australian Conservation Foundation (1994), Policy Statement No. 57 Tourism, Internet site: http://www.acfonline.org.au/Policies/57tourism.htm, 10 May 1999, p. 2.
75 Commonwealth Department of Tourism (1993), Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, pp. 5, 17.
76 Stimson, R. J., Daly, M. T., Jenkins, O., Roberts, B. H. and Ross, S. (1996), Occasional Paper No 23: Tourism in Australia: An Overview of Trends, Issues and Prospects, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 78.
77 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track - Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 34.
78 Stimson, R. J., Daly, M. T., Jenkins, O., Roberts, B. H. and Ross, S. (1996), Occasional Paper No 23: Tourism in Australia: An Overview of Trends, Issues and Prospects, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, pp. 157 - 158
79 Tourism Queensland (1999), Ectourism Consumer Research; A National Domestic Survey, Internet site: http://www.qttc.com.au/qep/research.htm, 8 April 1999.
80 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track - Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 67.
82 Fox, W. (1999), Manager Industry Strategy, Tourism Victoria, personal Communication, 30.June 1999.
83 Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia , School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University, Discussion Paper , La Trobe University , Bundoora Victoria, pp. 8 - 9.
84 Hunt, N, (1999), Secretary of the Tourism Accreditation Board of Victoria Inc., personal communication, 8 July 1999. and also
Hundloe, T. (1999), Chairperson of the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program and Charters, A., Director of Planning and Destination Development, Tourism Queensland, personal communications, 11 June 1999.
85 Hunt, N. (1999), Secretary of the Tourism Accreditation Board of Victoria Inc., personal communication, 8 July 1999.
86 For example, Stimson, Daly et al. define tourism as: "a wide variety of interrelated and interdependent businesses that facilitate and direct travel to specific destinations (and ensure the tourist's enjoyment once they reach their destination) - Stimson, R. J., Daly, M. T., Jenkins, O., Roberts, B. H. and Ross, S. (1996), Occasional Paper No 23: Tourism in Australia: An Overview of Trends, Issues and Prospects, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 17.
Blamey describe a tourist as someone who has travelled more than 40 km from home to enjoy some recreational activity - Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism , Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 2.
87 Corcoran, K., Allcock, A., Frost, T. and Johnston, L., (1999), Occasional Paper No 28: Valuing Tourism, Methods and Techniques, Bureau of Tourism Research and Tourism New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, p. 3.
88 McArthur, S. and Weir, B. ed.(1997), `Ecotourism through the Year 2000'; Proceedings of the Ecotourism Association of Australia National Conference 1997, Port Stephens, NSW, Ecotourism Association of Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, pp. 18-22.
89 Bolton, M. (ed.) (1997), Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources, Chapman & Hall, London, UK, p. 235; Commonwealth Department of Tourism (1993), and also:
Draft National Ecotourism Strategy, November 1993, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra, ACT, p. 5; and also
Herath, G. (1995), Ecotourism Development in Australia , School of Economics and Commerce, La Trobe University, Discussion Paper , La Trobe University , Bundoora Victoria, pp. 4 - 8.
90 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. (1995), Two Way Track - Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 19.
91 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism , Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 3.
92 Cheeseman, T. (1998), Conservation and the Maasai in Kenya Tradeoff or Lost Mutualism, Internet site: http://www.cheesemans.com/kenya.policy.failure.html, 10 June 1998.; and also
Canadian Tourism Information Network (1998), Summary Report on Six Regional Round Tables on Cultural and Heritage Tourism, Internet site: http://206.191.33.50/tourism/reports/roundtab/findings.html, 8 April 1999; and also
Altham, W. J. and Guerin, T. F. (1999), `Where does ISO14001 Fit into9 the Environmental Regulatory Framework?', Australian Journal of Environmental Management 6(3), p.87 who also refer to this as an example of market failure.
93 Phillip Island Nature Park Board of Management (1998), Phillip Island Nature Park Draft Management Plan, p.33.
94 Phillip Island Nature Park Board of Management (1998), Phillip Island Nature Park Draft Management Plan.
96 The penguin `hospital' was established principally to rehabilitate oil spill-affected penguins. It costs approx. $70,000 per year to run.
97 For example - Collins, M., Cullen, M. and Dann, P.(1999), Radio Tracking of Little Penguins at Sea, Internet site: http://www.penguins.org.au/penguins/pages/papers/paper3.html, 13 September 1999, and also
Hoedt, F., Cullen, M. and Dann, P. (1999), The Biology and Ecology of Clupeoid Fish in the Waters adjacent to Phillip Island, Internet site: http://www.penguins.org.au/penguins/pages/papers/paper2.html, 13 September 1999.
98 Including ESSO, BHP Petroleum, the BHP Community Trust, Cadbury-Schweppes and others.
99 For instance, it is now known that the main impacts of humans on penguins and koalas are damage caused by foxes, cats, dogs, oil spills (mainly from fishing boats and ballast pumping), road traffic and damage to food resources (pilchards and anchovies). Consequently, damage control strategies are being developed and implemented, such as baiting programs that have now largely eliminated foxes and modified access has reduced road kills.
100 Phillip Island Nature Park Board of Management (1998), Phillip Island Nature Park Draft Management Plan,
p. 16.
101 These real-time images are beamed by laser to a large viewing auditorium and can be aimed at any particular desired aspect of the colony.
102 Covering rock-pool life, shearwater and albatross migration and, in particular, seal utilisation in the past, their ecology, predators (sharks) and research.
103 Seal Rocks Victoria Australia Pty Ltd (1998), Seal Rocks Phillip Island Tourism for Tomorrow, submission to British Airways Tourism for Tomorrow Awards, unpublished.
104 Lee, A., President, Tourism Operators Association of Victoria - personal communication, 20 July 1999.
105 Dolphin Research Institute Inc, Written Submissions, No U68.
106 Dunn, W., Research Officer, Dolphin Research Institute, Frankston personal communication, 16 August 1999.
107 Department of Conservation and Environment (1992), Ecotourism: a Natural Strength for Victoria , Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 12.
108 Victorian Tourism Operators Association (1997) Member Directory '97 VTOA, Melbourne, Victoria.
109 Drayton, A., Victorian Tourism Operators Association, personal communication, 16 June 1999.
110 Ecotourism Association of Australia (1998/99), Australian Ecotourism Guide 1998/99, Ecotourism Association of Australia, Brisbane, Brisbane, pp. 67-68.
111 Blamey, R. K. (1995), Occasional Paper No 21: The Nature of Ecotourism , Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, p. 33.
112 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 60.
113 Parks Victoria (1997/98), Parks Victoria Annual Report 1997/98, Parks Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 34.
114 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, p. 70-71; and also
Harper, M., Executive Officer Bookmark Biosphere Trust, Personal Communication, 6 March 1999.
115 Preece, N., van Oosterzee, P. and James, D. 1995), Two Way Track - Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an Investigation into Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities. Biodiversity Series Paper No. 5, Department of Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, ACT, pp. 70-71.
117 Blamey, R. and Hatch, D. (1998), Occasional Paper No 25: Profiles and Motivations of Nature-Based Tourists Visiting Australia, Bureau of Tourism Research, Canberra, ACT, pp. 3-6.
118 Australian Bureau of Statistics (1998). Zoos, Parks and Gardens Industry. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, ACT, pp. 17 - 18.
120 Walsh, W., Senior Botanist, Royal Botanical Gardens, South Yarra, Victoria; personal communication, 13 July 1999.
121 Australian Bureau of Statistics (1998). Zoos, Parks and Gardens Industry. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, ACT, p. 5.
122 Australian Bureau of Statistics (1998). Zoos, Parks and Gardens Industry. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, ACT, p. 11.
123 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria (1998) Annual report 97-98 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria. p. 5.
124 The Woodland Historic Park includes the `Back Paddock', which was fenced in 1987 as a faunal reserve to protect native wildlife from exotic predators. The endangered eastern barred bandicoot has been reintroduced here and has formed a breeding colony which is playing a major role in securing the species' future -
Parks Victoria (1999), Woodland Historic Park, Internet site: http://www.parks.vic.gov.au/cgi-bin/parks/w3-msql/parks/parks.html?parkId=33, 14 July 1999.
125 There are a number of exceptions under the legislation, the most notable being zoological parks under the Zoological Parks and Gardens Act 1995.
126 Data provided by the Wildlife Licensing Section, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, 17.6.1999.
127 Produced by the World Zoo Organisation and the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group of the International Union Conservation and Nature (IUCN) in 1993.
128 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria (1999), Internet site:
www.zoo.org.au/conservation/Flora_fauns.htm, 14 July 1999. 129 Slater, G., Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria; personal communication, 14 July 1999. 130 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria (1999), Flora and Fauna Conservation, Internet site:
www.zoo.org.au/conservation/Flora_fauna.htm, 14 July 1999; and also Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria (1998), Annual Report 97-98, Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 16-17. 131 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria (1998), Annual Report 97-98, Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 27-29. 132 Walker, G., Director marketing and Visitor Services, Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria; personal communication, 14 July 1999. 133 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria (1999), Visiting Victoria's Open Range Zoo, Internet site:
http://www.zoo.org.au/visting.cfm?zoo_id=3,
134 Zoological Parks and Gardens Board of Victoria (1999), Native Seed Orchard, Internet site: http://www.zoo.org.au/conservation/natseed.htm, 14 July 1999.
135 Symonds, S (1982), Healesville: History in the Hills, Pioneer Design Studios, Lilydale, Victoria, p. 113.
136 Tourism Victoria (1999), Internet site http://www.tourism.vic.gov.au/attractions/keyattr.htm 1.6.1999, p. 1; and also:
Symonds, S (1982), Healesville: History in the Hills, Pioneer Design Studios, Lilydale, Victoria, pp. 113-125.
137 Ecotourism Association of Australia (1998/99), Australian Ecotourism Guide 1998/99, Ecotourism Association of Australia, Brisbane, p. 65.
138 Tourism Victoria (July 1996) Visitors to Victoria's Parks and Attractions for 1995, unpublished survey data - the year of the last visitor survey.
139 ibid., pp. 113-125 - early funding was meagre in the extreme. Some was used to pay an army of local youngsters to gather food for the animals in the Sanctuary. This helped to engage the long-term interest of local people. So too did the need to involve local volunteers in building.
140 Phillip Island Nature Park Board of Management (1998), Phillip Island Nature Park Draft Management Plan,
p. 48.
142 Lee, A., President, Tourism Operators Association of Victoria (and also Australis Tours); personal communication, 13 July 1999.
143 Matthews, J., proprietor, Wildlife Wonderland. Personal communication, 18 March 1999.
144 Earth Sanctuaries Limited (1998) Annual Report 1998. Stirling, South Australia.
146 Earth Sanctuaries Limited (1998) You Yang Sanctuary Victoria An Earth Sanctuary Limited Project Proposal (unpublished proposal to the Victorian Government).
147 Letter from the Minister for Conservation and Land Management to Earth Sanctuaries Limited; 1.12.1998.
148 The Herald-Sun, 14 January, 2000; p. 5
149 Australian Bureau of Statistics (1988). Zoos, Parks and Gardens Industry. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, ACT, p. 11.
151 Walsh, N., Senior Botanist, Royal Botanical Gardens Melbourne; personal communication, 13 July 1999.
152 Royal Botanical Gardens Board (Victoria) (1998) Annual Report 97-98, Royal Botanical Gardens Melbourne, South Melbourne, Victoria, p. 16.
154 Data supplied by staff of the Royal Botanical Gardens Melbourne, 14.7.1999.
155 Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (1999), The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc., Internet site: http://calcite.apana.org.au/fncv/fncv1.html, 23 June 1999 and also
Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (1999), Field Nats News No, 73 February 1999, Internet site: http://calcite.apana.org.au/fncv/fnn73.html, 23 June 1999.
156 The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc, Written Submissions, No. U66.
157 Moore, E., Chair, Birds Australia Conservation Committee, Written Submissions, No. U30
159 'Birds Australia' is the trading name of the Royal Australian Ornithological Union. See also
Birds Australia (1999), Atlas 2 and You, Internet site: http://home.vicnet.net.au/~birdsaus/atlas/intro.html, 23 June 1999.
160 Birds Australia (1999), Atlas 2 and You, Internet site: http://home.vicnet.net.au/~birdsaus/atlas/intro.html, 23 June 1999.
161 Parks Victoria (1997/98), Parks Victoria Annual Report 1997/98, Parks Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 39-40.
162 A pamphlet prepared by the (former) Department of Conservation and Natural Resources is available through outlets such as the National Parks Association as well as Parks Victoria. This provides information on the Regent Honeyeater and a form on which siting information can be recorded.
163 Information provided by the National Parks Association, 10 Parliament Place, East Melbourne, 3001, 18 June 1999.
164 National Recreational Fisheries Working Group (1994) Recreational Fishing in Australia, a National Policy. National Steering Committee on Recreational Fishing, Department of Primary Industry and Energy, Canberra, ACT. p. i.
165 Department of Natural Resources and Environment (1999), Recreational Fishing, Internet site: http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/fishing/rec/part.htm, 13 September 1999. Eleven per cent fish ten or more times in a year.
166 Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Written Submissions, No U67.
167 Fisheries Victoria (1997) Fisheries Economic Impact Study: Economic impact of Recreational Fishing in Victoria. Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 1.
168 The fish stock elsewhere is maintained by artificial stocking.
169 Fisheries Victoria (1997) Fisheries Economic Impact Study: Economic impact of Recreational Fishing in Victoria. Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 35.
170 Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Written Submissions, No U67.
171 A reasonable approximation based on Fisheries Victoria (1997) Fisheries Economic Impact Study: Economic impact of Recreational Fishing in Victoria. Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 33.
172 Derived from Lake, J.S. (1978), Australian Freshwater Fishes, Thomas Nelson Australia Pty Ltd, Australia; and also
Department of Natural Resources and Environment (1998/99), Victorian Recreational Fishing Regulations Guide 1998-99, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 10 - 20.
173 Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Written Submissions, No. U67.
174 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.
175 Department of Natural Resources and Environment (1998/99), Victorian Recreational Fishing Regulations Guide 1998-99, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 6-7.
177 Published by Fisheries Victoria.
178 Department of Natural Resources (1999), Internet site: http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/fishing/rec/stocks/fsh_st.htm, 18 June 1999.
179 Department of natural Resources and Environment (1998) Salmanid Fish releases 1998, Fisheries Notes Series No FN005Februaru 1999, 145, ISSN 1440-2254 and also
Department of Natural Resources and Environment (1998), Native Fish Releases 1993/94 to 1997/98, Fisheries Notes June 1998, 144.
180 Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (1998) Policy Statement - Native Fish Stocking in Public Waters Fisheries Notes Series No FN0007.
181 Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (1998) Policy Statement - Native Fish Stocking in Public Waters Fisheries Notes Series No FN0007, p. 1.
182 Status of taxa may be `endangered', `vulnerable', `potentially threatened', `indeterminate' or `restricted'. Each of these categories indicates a reduction in populations of the species or other reasons for considering it to be at risk. `Endangered' species are at immediate risk of extinction.
183 Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (1998) Policy Statement - Native Fish Stocking in Public Waters Fisheries Notes Series No FN0007, p. 2.
184 Compared with trout and salmon, which are released at 100-150 grams.
185 Ainsworth, M. (1999), Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Geelong, Victoria; personal communication, 24 June 1999.
186 Department of Natural Resources (1999), Recreational Fishing- Fish Stocking, Internet site: http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/fishing/rec/stocks/fsh_st.htm, 18 June 1999.
187 Fisheries Victoria (1997) Fisheries Economic Impact Study: Economic impact of Recreational Fishing in Victoria. Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne, Victoria, p. 22-23.
188 For example, algal blooms caused by nutrients washed into water bodies from agricultural land and which lead to fish death -
National Recreational Fisheries Working Group (1994), Baxter, A. and Winstanley, R. (1999) Fisheries Management Report No 63: 1999 Consultation with NRE Regions on Fish Stocking, Fish Population Surveys and other Recreational Fisheries Management Issues. Department of natural Resources and Environment, Box Hill, Victoria, p. 6.
189 For example, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (1998), Freshwater Fish of Victoria - Grayling, Fisheries Notes Series No FN0055; Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (1998), and also
Freshwater Fish of Victoria - Golden Perch, Fisheries Notes Series No FN0051;
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (1998), Freshwater Fish of Victoria - Trout Cod, Fisheries Notes Series No FN0048.
190 National Recreational Fisheries Working Group (1994) Recreational Fishing in Australia, a National Policy. National Steering Committee on Recreational Fishing, Department of Primary Industry and Energy, Canberra, ACT, pp. 4-5, 8-9.
193 Baxter, A. and Winstanley, R. (1999) Fisheries Management Report No 63: 1999 Consultation with NRE Regions on Fish Stocking, Fish Population Surveys and other Recreational Fisheries Management Issues. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Box Hill, Victoria. pp. 6, 10. Request to restocking with golden perch was refused on the grounds that it would out-compete trout cod.
194 Baxter, A. and Winstanley, R. (1999) Fisheries Management Report No 63: 1999 Consultation with NRE Regions on Fish Stocking, Fish Population Surveys and other Recreational Fisheries Management Issues. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Box Hill, Victoria. pp. 6, 10.
195 Nomination No 204, Item No T9540 under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.
196 National Recreational Fisheries Working Group (1994), Recreational Fishing in Australia, a National Policy. National Steering Committee on Recreational Fishing, Department of Primary Industry and Energy, Canberra, ACT.
197 This could be somewhat more difficult than for other activities where participants are usually associated with a club or association. That is not so common with recreational fishing.
198 VRFish, Written Submissions, No. U10, and also
Sporting Shooters Association of Australia (Vic) Inc. Written Submissions, No. U27,
The Australian Taxidermists Association, Written Submissions, No. U37,
Safari Club International (Australia South Pacific) Inc., Written Submissions, No. U39,
Victorian Field and Game Association Inc., Written Submissions, No. U41, and
Sporting Shooters Association of Australia (Victoria) Inc., Written Submissions, No. U49.
199 Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short. J. ed, (1987), Kangaroos, their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia, Cambridge University Press, London, Melbourne, p. 9.
200 Page, R., Executive Officer, VRFish, Written Submissions, No. U10, and also
Mitchell, M., Secretary, Sporting Shooters Association of Australia (Vic) Inc. Written Submissions, No. U27,
Pegg, G., President, The Australian Taxidermists Association, Written Submissions, No. U37,
King, M., Scientific Adviser, Safari Club International (Australia South Pacific) Inc., Written Submissions, No. U39,
Drew, R., Executive Officer, Victorian Field and Game Association Inc., Written Submissions, No. U41, and
Brown, P., Conservation Convenor, Sporting Shooters Association of Australia (Victoria) Inc., Written Submissions, No. U49.
201 See also Environment and Natural Resources Committee (1995), Problems in Victoria Caused by Long-billed Corellas, Sulphur-crested Cockatoos and Galahs, Parliament of Victoria.
202 Field and Game Australia Incorporated and the Shooting Sports Council of Victoria, Written Submissions, No. U41.
203 Delahunty, M, Minutes of Evidence, pp. 53-56.
204 Environment and Natural Resources Committee (1999), Minutes of Evidence, pp. 45-51; Evidence given by Mr. R. W. Drew, Dr G. J. W. Webb and Mr C. F. Wood on 3 May 1999. Environment and Natural Resources Committee, Melbourne, Victoria.
205 Field and Game Australia Incorporated and the Shooting Sports Council of Victoria, Written Submissions, No. U41 and Victorian Game and Deer Stalking Association, Written Submissions, No. 47.
206 Victorian Game and Deer Stalking Association (VICGAME), Written Submissions, No. U47.
207 Australian Taxidermists Association, Written Submissions, No. U37; and also:
Field and Game Australia and Sporting Shooters Council of Victoria, Minutes of Evidence, pp. 45-51.
208 Hundloe, T., Chairperson of the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program and Charter, A., Director of Planning and Destination Development, Tourism Queensland, personal communications, 11 June 1999
209 Examples of submissions which advocate this notion are:
Victorian Game and Deer Stalking Association (VICGAME), Written Submissions, No. U47, and
Drew, R., Executive Officer, Victorian Field and Game Association Inc., Written Submissions, No. U41.
210 The reserve system now includes some 173 reserves, covering 32,000 hectares of land.
211 This point is also made in Bolton, M. ed.(1997), Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources, Chapman & Hall, London, UK, pp. 18-19, 235
212 Cheeseman, T. (1998), Conservation and the Maasai in Kenya Tradeoff or Lost Mutualism, Internet site: http://www.cheesemans.com/kenya.policy.failure.html, October 1998.
213 Hall, G. (1999), Tasmanian Department of Parks and Wildlife, Launceston; personal communication, 4 March 1999.
214 For example, Safari Club International, Written Submissions, No U39, and also:
Victorian Game and Deer Stalking Association of Australia, Written Submissions, No. U47.
Barber, P., State Director, Royal Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Written Submissions, No. U17, Cowling, Y., Written Submissions, No. U22,
Wallis, H., Written Submissions, No. U48,
Levy, L. Coalition Against Duck Hunting, Written Submissions, No. U53, and
Levy, L., Campaign Director, Coalition Against Kangaroo Shooting, Written Submissions, No. U54.
216 Coalition Against Duck Shooting, Written Submissions, No. U53.
